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Table 3 Maternal, perinatal, and neonatal mortality in Lady Health Workers’ (LHW) areas (only) from the enhanced surveillance system in Tehsil Havelian compared to prior routinely collected LHW data

From: Under-estimation of maternal and perinatal mortality revealed by an enhanced surveillance system: enumerating all births and deaths in Pakistan

Events

Tehsil Havelian - LHWs areas only

p-valueh

Under-enumerationi (%)

Routine

LHW dataa

2014/15f 1.5 years (1 year)

LHW data: Enhanced Surveillance System

2015/16e 1 year

ng

Rate

95% CI

n

Rate

95% CI

Maternal Mortalityb

15

180

101–297

14

226

124–379

0.541

20

(11)

(188)

(94–336)

   

0.647

17

Neonatal Mortalityd

170

20

17–23

247

40

35–45

< 0.001

50

(128)

(22)

(18–26)

   

(< 0.001)

45

Early Neonatal Mortalityd

126

15

13–18

184

30

25–34

< 0.001

50

(95)

(16)

(13–19)

   

(< 0.001)

46

Perinatal Mortalityc

401

47

42–51

366

57

52–64

0.003

18

(305)

(50)

(45–56)

   

(0.080)

12

Stillbirthsc

275

32

28–36

182

29

24–33

0.227

−10

(210)

(35)

(30–39)

   

(0.052)

−19

Denominators (n)

 Total births

8599 (6062)

 

6375

   

 Live births

8324 (5852)

 

6193

   
  1. Bold: significant at p < 0.05. Italics: marginally significant. 95% CI: normal approximation of the binomial. Stillbirth: dead baby ≥28 weeks of pregnancy per total births; Abortions, dead fetus < 28 weeks of pregnancy; Early Neonatal Mortality, newborn death (0-6 days) per live births; Neonatal Mortality, newborn death (< 28 days) per live births; Perinatal Mortality: stillbirths plus early neonatal deaths per total births
  2. CI Confidence Interval
  3. aprior to enhanced surveillance system
  4. bper 105 live births. Poisson distribution used to calculate 95% confidence intervals
  5. cper 103 total births, normal approximation of binomial counts used to calculate 95% CI
  6. dper 103 live births
  7. e1 June 2015–31 May 2016
  8. f1 January 2014–31 May 2015
  9. gin brackets is 1 year data
  10. hderived from chi-square
  11. iby LHW data, negative under enumeration = over enumeration