Table 2 Gender differences in the risk of having higher occupational exposure levels by exposure-related variables
From: Gender differences in occupational exposure to carcinogens among Italian workers
Variable | Description | Total | Males (ref.) | Females | M/F Ratio | OR (95% CI) for medium levela | OR (95% CI) for high levela |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Agent/Group (χ2 p value < 0.01) | |||||||
79–06-1 | Acrylamide | 2447 | 2337 | 110 | 21.2 | 1.59 (1.00 to 2.51)† | 0.29 (0.07 to 1.19) |
107–13-1 | Acrylonitrile | 980 | 859 | 121 | 7.1 | 0.23 (0.03 to 1.68) | – |
71–43-2 | Benzene | 20,161 | 19,459 | 702 | 27.7 | 0.56 (0.34 to 0.93)† | 0.82 (0.53 to 1.28) |
106–99-0 | 1,3-butadiene | 2877 | 2756 | 121 | 22.8 | – | – |
75–01-4 | Vinyl chloride monomer | 992 | 708 | 284 | 2.5 | – | 1.62 (1.17 to 2.24)† |
107–06-2 | 1,2-dichloroethane | 745 | 666 | 79 | 8.4 | 0.79 (0.29 to 2.56) | – |
50–00-0 | Formaldehyde | 1658 | 1446 | 212 | 6.8 | 0.94 (0.56 to 1.58) | 2.52 (1.83 to 3.46)† |
106–89-8 | Epichlorohydrine | 781 | 749 | 32 | 23.4 | – | – |
302–01-2 | Hydrazine | 796 | 786 | 10 | 78.6 | – | 0.41 (0.05 to 3.29) |
75–21-8 | Ethylene oxide | 685 | 598 | 87 | 6.9 | 1.03 (0.49 to 2.17) | 0.41 (0.10 to 1.76) |
75–56-9 | Propylene oxide | 737 | 668 | 69 | 9.7 | 1.14 (0.39 to 3.33) | 3.40 (1.29 to 8.94)† |
79–01-6 | Trichlorethylene | 1086 | 1025 | 61 | 16.8 | 1.71 (0.65 to 4.49) | 6.28 (3.33 to 11.9)† |
25321-14-6 | Dinitrotoluene (isomers mixture) | 705 | 696 | 9 | 77.3 | – | – |
– | Hardwood dust | 88,454 | 77,234 | 11,220 | 6.9 | 0.70 (0.66 to 0.74)† | 0.84 (0.79 to 0.90)† |
142844-00-6 | Refractory ceramic fibers | 436 | 397 | 39 | 10.2 | 0.09 (0.01 to 0.67)† | 0.12 (0.03 to 0.49)† |
Various | Asbestos | 7011 | 6988 | 23 | 303.8 | 1.96 (0.84 to 4.58) | – |
Various | Silica crystalline | 1577 | 1547 | 30 | 51.6 | 0.76 (0.30 to 1.90) | 0.06 (0.01 to 0.47)† |
Various | PAHs | 13,378 | 13,076 | 302 | 43.3 | – | 0.07 (0.01 to 0.50)† |
Various | Chromium (VI) and compounds | 12,143 | 11,115 | 1028 | 10.8 | 0.69 (0.43 to 1.11) | 1.47 (1.17 to 1.83)† |
Various | Nickel and compounds | 8280 | 7748 | 532 | 14.6 | 0.49 (0.29 to 0.85)† | 1.56 (1.06 to 2.29)† |
7440–43-9 | Cadmium | 688 | 666 | 22 | 30.3 | – | 6.78 (2.67 to 17.2)† |
Occupational group (χ2 p value < 0.01) | |||||||
1&2 | Managers and professionals | 1338 | 1119 | 219 | 5.1 | 0.09 (0.01 to 0.65)† | 0.40 (0.14 to 1.15) |
3 | Technicians and associate professionals | 5328 | 4789 | 539 | 8.9 | 0.38 (0.25 to 0.59)† | 0.92 (0.60 to 1.42) |
4 | Clerks | 1418 | 1127 | 291 | 3.9 | 0.86 (0.56 to 1.32) | 0.11 (0.04 to 0.30)† |
5 | Service and sales workers | 5175 | 4766 | 409 | 11.7 | 0.68 (0.43 to 1.05) | 0.49 (0.28 to 0.85)† |
6 | Craft and related trades workers | 85,039 | 76,892 | 8147 | 9.4 | 0.89 (0.84 to 0.94)† | 1.10 (1.02 to 1.18)† |
7 | Plant, machine operators and assemblers | 62,006 | 56,902 | 5104 | 11.1 | 1.12 (1.03 to 1.22)† | 1.61 (1.45 to 1.79)† |
8 | Elementary occupations | 6313 | 5929 | 384 | 15.4 | 1.72 (1.31 to 2.25)† | 1.40 (1.03 to 1.91)† |
Workforce size (χ2 p value < 0.01) | |||||||
a) | 1 to 9 workers | 23,039 | 21,320 | 1719 | 12.4 | 1.05 (0.93 to 1.18) | 0.84 (0.72 to 0.99)† |
b) | 10 to 19 workers | 23,681 | 21,953 | 1728 | 12.7 | 1.62 (1.44 to 1.81)† | 1.45 (1.25 to 1.68)† |
c) | 20 to 49 workers | 38,231 | 35,544 | 2687 | 13.2 | 0.99 (0.88 to 1.10) | 1.02 (0.90 to 1.16) |
d) | 50 to 99 workers | 21,757 | 19,725 | 2032 | 9.7 | 1.13 (1.00 to 1.28)† | 1.98 (1.70 to 2.31)† |
e) | > = 100 workers | 59,909 | 52,982 | 6927 | 7.6 | 0.80 (0.73 to 0.87)† | 1.62 (1.48 to 1.78)† |
Economic sectorb (χ2 p value < 0.01) | |||||||
20 | Manufacture of wood and wood products | 36,599 | 30,097 | 6502 | 4.6 | 0.80 (0.75 to 0.86)† | 0.92 (0.85 to 1.01) |
23 | Manufacture of refined petroleum products | 12,213 | 12,061 | 152 | 79.3 | 2.97 (0.71 to 12.4) | – |
24 | Manufacture of chemicals | 12,585 | 12,036 | 549 | 21.9 | 0.82 (0.60 to 1.12) | 1.20 (0.82 to 1.76) |
25 | Manufacture of rubber and plastic products | 1486 | 986 | 500 | 2.0 | 0.27 (0.14 to 0.50)† | 0.74 (0.56 to 0.98)† |
26 | Manufacture of other non-metallic products | 1043 | 963 | 80 | 12.0 | 0.21 (0.08 to 0.52)† | 1.05 (0.58 to 1.91) |
28 | Manufacture of fabricated metal products | 10,320 | 9352 | 968 | 9.7 | 0.93 (0.70 to 1.24) | 2.36 (1.92 to 2.89)† |
29 | Manufacture of machinery and equipment nec | 5093 | 4567 | 526 | 8.7 | 0.15 (0.08 to 0.28)† | 0.12 (0.05 to 0.30)† |
34 | Manufacture of motor vehicles | 1425 | 1303 | 122 | 10.7 | 0.95 (0.49 to 1.82) | 0.27 (0.10 to 0.74)† |
35 | Manufacture of other transport equipment | 8536 | 8198 | 338 | 24.3 | 0.32 (0.23 to 0.44)† | 0.17 (0.08 to 0.34)† |
36 | Manufacture of furniture; manufacturing nec | 38,097 | 34,069 | 4028 | 8.5 | 0.61 (0.56 to 0.67)† | 0.83 (0.75 to 0.92)† |
45 | Construction | 13,720 | 13,685 | 35 | 391.0 | 2.68 (1.18 to 6.13)† | 2.95 (1.02 to 8.57)† |
50 | Repair of motor vehicles; retail sale of fuel | 2828 | 2608 | 220 | 11.9 | 1.01 (0.48 to 2.10) | 0.45 (0.24 to 0.85)† |
51 | Wholesale trade and commission trade | 1673 | 1591 | 82 | 19.4 | 0.10 (0.01 to 0.72)† | 0.86 (0.42 to 1.76) |
52 | Retail trade, repair of household goods | 2435 | 2325 | 110 | 21.1 | 0.86 (0.49 to 1.54)) | 5.03 (2.70 to 9.35)† |
74 | Other business activities | 1620 | 1534 | 86 | 17.8 | 0.27 (0.11 to 0.68)† | 0.24 (0.06 to 0.98)† |
90 | Sewage and refuse disposal, sanitation | 4707 | 4609 | 98 | 47.0 | 0.08 (0.01 to 0.57)† | – |
Overall | 166,617 | 151,524 | 15,093 | 10.0 | 0.96 (0.92 to 1.01) | 1.20 (1.13 to 1.27)† | |