Table 2 Demographic baseline data
From: Appropriateness of bone density measurement in Switzerland: a cross-sectional study
Covariates | Total | No DXA | Any DXA | p-Value | Test |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | 552,973 | 542,973 (98.2%) | 10,000 (1.8%) | ||
Age | 60.0 (22.0) | 60.0 (21.0) | 66.0 (16.0) | < 2.2e-16 *** | ‘ |
Female sex | 292,377 (52.9%) | 283,493 (52.2%) | 8884 (88.8%) | < 2.2e-16 *** | “ |
Managed care | 249,826 (45.2%) | 245,628 (45.2%) | 4198 (42.0%) | 8.52e-11 *** | “ |
Deductible ≥ CHF 1000 | 143,295 (25.9%) | 142,212 (26.2%) | 1083 (10.8%) | < 2.2e-16 *** | “ |
Supplementary hospital insurance | 127,080 (23.0%) | 123,689 (22.8%) | 3391 (33.9%) | < 2.2e-16 *** | “ |
Region | < 2.2e-16 *** | ““ | |||
Midland | 110,347 (20.0%) | 108,473 (20.0%) | 1874 (18.7%) | ||
Northwest | 76,568 (13.8%) | 75,141 (13.8%) | 1427 (14.3%) | ||
East | 78,285 (14.2%) | 76,914 (14.2%) | 1371 (13.7%) | ||
Lake Geneva | 70,177 (12.7%) | 68,800 (12.7%) | 1377 (13.8%) | ||
Ticino | 40,729 (7.4%) | 39,915 (7.4%) | 814 (8.1%) | ||
Central | 48,871 (8.8%) | 48,225 (8.9%) | 646 (6.5%) | ||
Zurich | 127,996 (23.1%) | 125,505 (23.1%) | 2491 (24.9%) | ||
Urban area | 424,875 (76.8%) | 416,774 (76.8%) | 8101 (81.0%) | < 2.2e-16 *** | “ |
Density DXA facilities | 3.18e-13 *** | ““ | |||
1. quartile | 146,876 (26.6%) | 144,549 (26.6%) | 2327 (23.3%) | ||
2. quartile | 158,878 (28.7%) | 155,932 (28.7%) | 2946 (29.5%) | ||
3. quartile | 156,620 (28.3%) | 153,514 (28.3%) | 3106 (31.1%) | ||
4. quartile | 90,599 (16.4%) | 88,978 (16.4%) | 1621 (16.2%) | ||
Purchasing power | 3.39e-07 *** | ““ | |||
middle | 498,052 (90.1%) | 489,136 (90.1%) | 8916 (89.2%) | ||
lowest | 28,221 (5.1%) | 27,744 (5.1%) | 477 (4.8%) | ||
highest | 26,700 (4.8%) | 26,093 (4.8%) | 607 (6.1%) | ||
Use of antidepressive drugs | 59,602 (10.8%) | 57,984 (10.7%) | 1618 (16.2%) | < 2.2e-16 *** | “ |
Risk factor: History of fracture | 1874 (0.3%) | 1673 (0.3%) | 201 (2.0%) | < 2.2e-16 *** | “ |
Risk factor: Osteogenesis imperfecta | 1 (0.0%) | 1 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 | “ |
Risk factor: Hypogonadism | 3562 (0.6%) | 2989 (0.6%) | 573 (5.7%) | < 2.2e-16 *** | “ |
Risk factor (SVGO): Hyperparathyroidism | 341 (0.1%) | 317 (0.1%) | 24 (0.2%) | 2.53e-08 *** | “ |
Risk factor: Hyperthyroidism | 1171 (0.2%) | 1136 (0.2%) | 35 (0.4%) | 0.005611 ** | “ |
Risk factor (SVGO): Hypothyroidism | 25,595 (4.6%) | 24,621 (4.5%) | 974 (9.7%) | < 2.2e-16 *** | “ |
Risk factor: Malnutrition | 2270 (0.4%) | 2207 (0.4%) | 63 (0.6%) | 0.001148 ** | “ |
Risk factor: Steroid therapy | 45,443 (8.2%) | 43,206 (8.0%) | 2237 (22.4%) | < 2.2e-16 *** | “ |
Risk factor: Inflammatory bowel disease | 4291 (0.8%) | 3990 (0.7%) | 301 (3.0%) | < 2.2e-16 *** | “ |
Risk factor: Rheumatoid arthritis | 4900 (0.9%) | 4401 (0.8%) | 499 (5.0%) | < 2.2e-16 *** | “ |
Risk factor: Insulin dependent diabetes | 11,399 (2.1%) | 11,210 (2.1%) | 189 (1.9%) | 0.241 | “ |
Risk factor: Chronic liver disease | 507 (0.1%) | 489 (0.1%) | 18 (0.2%) | 0.006869 ** | “ |
Risk factor: Nicotine abuse | 893 (0.2%) | 871 (0.2%) | 22 (0.2%) | 0.1641 | “ |
Risk factor: Alcohol abuse | 1435 (0.3%) | 1400 (0.3%) | 35 (0.4%) | 0.07417 | “ |
Risk factor (SVGO): Emerging risk factors | 38,633 (7.0%) | 37,539 (6.9%) | 1094 (10.9%) | < 2.2e-16 *** | “ |
Number of chronic conditions | 1.0 (3.0) | 1.0 (3.0) | 2.0 (3.0) | < 2.2e-16 *** | ‘ |