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Table 4 Logistic regression analysis (final model) showing objective and subjective health system related factors evaluated for association with satisfaction with ANC, adjusted for sociodemographic factors, northern Nigeria, N = 1336

From: Antenatal care satisfaction in a developing country: a cross-sectional study from Nigeria

Independent variables

Adjusted Odds Ratioa

p value

Patient Socio-demography

Age (years)

0.98 (0.94–1.03)

0.49

First Pregnancy

 Yes

1.11 (0.64–1.94)

0.71

 No (ref)

1.00

 

First ANC visit in facility for the pregnancy

 Yes

0.78 (0.45–1.36)

0.39

 No (ref)

1.00

 

Marital status

 Married/living-together

2.34 (.078–7.03)

0.13

 Others (ref)

1.00

 

Education

 Secondary or higher

0.96 (0.48–1.91)

0.91

 Less than secondary (ref)

1.00

 

Wealth quartile

 Poor

1.35 (0.68–2.66)

0.39

 Lower-middle

1.67 (0.85–3.26)

0.13

 Upper-middle (ref)

1.00

 

 Rich

1.29 (0.66–2.54)

0.45

Access to Care

Out-of-pocket expenditure (Patient reported)

 Free care (ref)

1.00

0.01

 Paid care

0.44 (0.23–0.82)

 

Distance travelled in km (Patient reported)

  < 3

1.84 (0.42–8.16)

0.42

  ≥ 3 (ref)

1.00

 

Patient Care Experience (Subjective perception)

Non-discriminatory treatment regardless of socioeconomic status

 Yes

1.87 (1.09–3.22)

0.02

 No (ref)

1.00

 

Empathic providers

 Yes

1.82 (1.03–3.23)

0.01

 No (ref)

1.00

 

Assuranceb

1.48 (1.26–1.75)

0.00

Responsivenessc

2.42 (2.05–2.87)

0.00

Treatment-facilitationd

2.03 (1.46–2.80)

0.00

Clinical examinations receivede

1.28 (1.10–1.50)

0.00

Preventive medications receivedf

0.67 (0.48–0.95)

0.02

Facility Level Variable (Objectively measured by surveyors)

Availability of general-care equipmentg

1.10 (1.01–1.21)

0.00

Facility cleanliness and amenities

0.96 (0.87–1.07)

0.50

Availability of employed clinical staff on day of surveyh

0.99 (0.98–1.01)

0.31

  1. ANC Antenatal Care
  2. aAdjusted for socio-demographic factors. None of the socio-demographic factors were significant. Significant at 0.05 level
  3. bAssurance: Provider courtesy and accessibility, and trust in provider’s skill and treatment decisions
  4. c Responsiveness: Less wait time, adequate consultation time, respect for privacy, and clinic hours
  5. d Treatment-facilitation: Effective provider communication regarding maternal and fetal health condition and treatment, and ease of access to prescribed drugs
  6. eClinical examinations received: count of weight, height, blood pressure, uterine height, urine test, blood test, and abdominal examination received
  7. fProphylactic treatment: count of items received - iron/folic acid supplement, antimalarials, and tetanus toxoid
  8. gAvailability of general-care equipment: count of essential equipment available
  9. hClinical staff: Doctors, nurses, midwives, auxiliary nurse, pharmacists, laboratory technologists, technicians, community health officers, community health extension workers