1. Crone, D., Johnston, L.H., Gidlow, C., Henley, C., James, D.V.B. [33]. |
A) Barriers |
i) Organisational & system level |
 • Physical activity referral scheme is less suited to the needs of MMD patients.  • Those with mental health problems find that there are barriers impeding their ability to access health services [53].  • Primary health care professionals are insufficiently trained to work with patients affected by mental health issues. |
ii) Provider/practitioner level |
 • Some healthcare professionals remain skeptical of the role of physical activity as an adjunct treatment for those with mental health problems [54]. |
iii) Individual level |
 • The uptake of the scheme was significantly lower in the mental health referrals.  • Difficulties in access.  • Financial constraints.  • The side effect(s) of antidepressants [53].  • Lack of social network and support. |
B) Enablers None listed. |
2. Duda, J., Williams, G., Ntoumanis, N., Daley, A., Eves, F., Mutrie, N., Rouse, P.C., Lodhia, R., Blamey, R.V., Jolly, K. [28]. |
A) Barriers |
i) Organisational & system level |
 • Insufficient training for practitioners delivering the intervention.  • A low training attendance due to work-related commitments.  • Lack of infrastructure e.g. limited access to PCs making it difficult for practitioners to watch training videos or receive email reminders sent by the research team. |
ii) Provider/practitioner level |
 • Poor treatment fidelity (e.g. an inadequate provision of autonomy support). |
iii) Individual level |
 • Poor engagement with minority ethnic communities, who do not speak English with sufficient fluency. |
iv) Intervention level |
 • Practicalities of organising an intervention: the use of interpreters proved challenging. |
B) Enablers: None listed |
3 Forsyth A., Deane F.P., Williams P. [24]. |
A) Barriers |
i) Organisational & system level |
 • Engaging healthcare staff in the delivery of the intervention. |
ii) Provider/practitioner level None listed. |
iii) Individual level |
 • Engaging patients proved difficult and approximately 50% of all appointments were either cancelled or missed. |
iv) Intervention level None listed. |
B) Enablers |
i) Intervention level |
 • Calming effects of PA.  • A preferred form of PA was walking. |
4 Littlecott, H.J., Moore G.F., Moore, L., Murphy S. [29]. |
A) Barriers |
i) Organisational & system level None listed. |
ii) Provider/practitioner level |
 • Poor treatment fidelity e.g. motivational interviewing and goal setting were not fully delivered [58]. |
iii) Individual level |
 • Time and costs.  • The nature of the intervention. |
iv) Intervention level |
 • Intervention design: lack of measurable goals might have led to reduced self-efficacy. |
v) Context level |
B) Enablers: |
i) Intervention level |
 • Increased participants’ confidence in using gym equipment and in exercising safely. |
ii) Social context |
 • Family can positively impact the participants’ engagement with the interventions; friends do not seem to have a similar impact. |
5 Mailey E.L., Wójcicki T.R., Motl R.W., Hu L, Strauser D.R., Collins K.D., McAuley E. [25]. |
A) Barriers |
i) Organisational & system level None listed. |
ii) Provider/practitioner level None listed. |
iii) Individual level |
 • Poor engagement with PApost intervention.  • Participants’ self-efficacy declining over time. |
iv) Intervention level |
 • Inadequate intervention interface design. |
B) Enablers |
i) Intervention level |
 • Participants’ satisfaction with a number of intervention components such as meetings with intervention staff or using pedometers. |
6 Oeland A.M., Laessoe U., Olesen A.V., Munk-Jørgensen P. [31]. |
A) Barriers |
i) Organisational & system level None listed. |
ii) Provider/practitioner level None listed. |
iii) Individual level |
 • A low uptake of amongst patients suffering from ill mental health.  • In the follow-up period improvement stops. |
iv) Intervention level |
 • Post-intervention, levels of PA decrease over time e.g. due to the lack of professional instructions. |
B) Enablers: |
i) Intervention level |
 • The presence of the instructor.  • Mode of deliver: group exercises (which might have heightened motivation as a result of social interactions). |
7 Pentecost C., Farrand P., Greaves C.J., Taylor R.S., Warren F.S., Hillsdon M., Green C., Welsman J. R., Rayson K., Evans P.H., Taylor A.H. [32]. |
A) Barriers |
i) Organisational & system level |
 • Staff turnover and absences.  • Heavy workload. • Clinical work and the service’s performance targets take the priority over intervention delivery |
ii) Provider/practitioner level |
 • Practitioners and participants’ preference for psychological treatments.  • Practitioners not giving information booklets. • Poor treatment fidelity; deviations from the intervention delivery protocol. |
iii) Individual level |
  • The nature of the condition resulting in unwillingness to engage in PA. |
iv) Intervention level |
 • Intervention design; information booklets –potentially overwhelming.  • Information booklet being too heavy:‘I must admit, because I have so much to carry as a PWP, it was a bit too much’. |
v) Extraneous circumstances |
 • Illness of a member of the research team. |
B) Enablers |
i) Intervention level |
 • Behavioural Activation and PA enhancing recovery rates.  • Information booklets..  • The diaries seemed to be one of the most useful tools in the booklets (to plan and monitor PAs).  • Preferred types of PA: walking, gardening and exercising in a gym.  • Monitoring PA levels with pedometers. |
i) Individual level |
 • PA promotion was acceptable to patients. |
8 Piette J.D., Richardson C., Himle J., Duffy S., Torres T., Vogel M., Barber K., Valenstein M. [26]. |
A) Barriers |
i) Organisational & system level: None listed. ii) Provider/practitioner level: None listed. iii) Individual level |
 • an initial uptake: 32% of contacted individuals refused participation. |
iv) Intervention level |
 • Underrepresentation of individuals from various ethnic minorities (16% of the  • study population). |
B) Enablers: |
i) Intervention level |
 • The use of CBT to increase an uptake of PA. |
9 Pomp S., Fleig L., Schwarzer R., Lippke S. [27]. |
A) Barriers |
i) Organisational & system level: None listed. ii) Provider/practitioner level: None listed. iii) Individual level |
 • Individuals with depressive symptoms did not increase their exercise levels.  • Individuals’ depleted self-regulatory resources resulting in fewer capabilities to implement health behaviour; they planned less; struggled to set realistic plans and to monitor their PA levels. Also, they did not adhere to their plans. |
iv) Intervention level: None listed. |
B) Enablers: |
i) Intervention level |
 • Participants suffering from depression may benefit from weekly reminders and booster sessions; also, from additional psychotherapeutic support such as Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT).  • Integrated approaches that address the management of depressive symptoms and health behaviour. |
10 Suija K., Pechter U., Kalda R., Tähepõld H., Maaroos J., Maaroos H.I. [18] |
A) Barriers |
i) Organisational & system level: None listed. ii) Provider/practitioner level: None listed. iii) Individual level |
 • Lack of time. • The rainy and cold weather. |
iv) Intervention level |
 • Type of PA intervention: unsupervised home-based exercise. |
B) Enablers: |
i) Individual level |
 • Positive PA experience. |