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Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of children with tuberculosis managed at Tygerberg Hospital during 2012

From: Complementary surveillance strategies are needed to better characterise the epidemiology, care pathways and treatment outcomes of tuberculosis in children

 

Number (%)a n = 395

Demographics and characteristics at hospital admission

 Age (years)

  0 - < 2

180 (45.6)

  2 - < 5

116 (29.4)

  5 – < 13

99 (25.1)

 Male sex

213 (53.9)

 In-patient admissions

361 (91.4)

  Duration of hospitalisation for in-patients (n = 361)

    ≤ 1 week

123 (34.1)

   2–3 weeks

168 (46.5)

    ≥ 4 weeks

70 (19.4)

TB history

 Previous TB treatment reported

26/371 (7.0)

 Any TB exposure reported

213/384 (55.5)

  Household TB exposure reported (level of TB exposure documented; n = 195)

143/195 (73.3)

HIV and nutritional status

 HIV status documented

370 (93.7)

 HIV-infected

90/370 (24.3)

  Diagnosed with HIV before hospital admission

66/90 (73.3)

   On ART at hospital admission

44/66 (66.7)

  Median CD4 percentageb (inter-quartile range)

17.0 (11.6–23.0)

  Median CD4 absolute valueb (inter-quartile range)

593 (274–1,150)

  On ART within 2 weeks after hospital discharge

83/90 (92.2)

 Weight-for-Age Z-score < −3c

113/383 (29.5)

TB disease characteristics

 Bacteriologically confirmed TB (culture-positive for M. tb)

158 (40.0)

 Spectrum of disease

  Pulmonary TB (PTB) only

207 (52.4)

  Both PTB and extra-pulmonary TB (EPTB)

117 (29.6)

  EPTB only

71 (18.0)

 Disseminated TB (TB Meningitis and Miliary TB)

77 (19.5)

 Spectrum of EPTB

  TB Meningitisd

62 (15.7)

  Miliary TBd

24 (6.1)

  TB pleural effusion/empyemae

35 (8.9)

  Abdominal TB only

16 (4.1)

  Central Nervous System TB (not TB meningitis)

8 (2.0)

  Musculoskeletal TB

19 (4.8)

  Pericardial effusion

3 (0.8)

  Cutaneous TB

1 (0.3)

  Renal TB

1 (0.3)

  Peripheral lymphadenitis

28 (7.1)

 Type of TB treatmentf

  First-line regimen (drug-susceptible TB) f

342/393 (87.0)

  INH mono-resistant treatment regimen

9/393 (2.3)

  Rif mono-resistant treatment regimen

4/393 (1.0)

  MDR treatment regimen

34/393 (8.7)

  Pre-XDR treatment regimen

3/393 (0.8)

  XDR treatment regimen

1/393 (0.2)

Deaths during hospital admission

9 (2.3)

  1. aThe denominator was 395, unless otherwise specified due to missing data
  2. bMedian value of available CD4 laboratory result within 2 weeks before and after hospital admission (not available for 32/90 HIV-infected children)
  3. cWeights were transformed to z-scores using the reference data available from the 1990 British Growth Reference
  4. dIncludes 9 children that had both miliary TB and TB meningitis
  5. eTB pleural effusion/empyema includes 4 children with abdominal TB as well
  6. fExcludes two children who died in hospital before any treatment was started, but subsequently had a drug-susceptible mycobacterial culture
  7. TB Tuberculosis, HIV Human immune-deficiency virus, ART Antiretroviral treatment, M. tb = Mycobacterium tuberculosis, INH Isoniazid, Rif Rifampicin, MDR Multidrug-resistant, XDR Extensively drug-resistant