Table 4 Sub-analysis by sex and age groups in the multilevel models
Sex | Age groups | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Female | ≤14 years | 15–64 years | ≥65 years | |
Fixed effect intercept (β) | 0.802 (p < 0.0001) | −0.250 (p = 0.27) | −2.335 (p < 0.0001) | 0.638 (p < 0.01) | −1.319 (p < 0.0001) |
Individual- level | |||||
Male (ref. female) | – | – | 1.545 (1.389, 1.718) | 2.099 (2.017, 2.183) | 0.551 (0.519, 0.586) |
Age (per 5 years) | 0.988 (0.98, 0.992) | 1.094 (1.088, 1.100) | 2.583 (2.438, 2.736) | 0.944 (0.938, 0.951) | 1.157 (1.130, 1.184) |
Type of insurance (ref. national health insurance) | |||||
Medical aid | 0.864 (0.787, 0.948) | 0.918 (0.838, 1.006) | 0.918 (0.695, 1.213) | 0.800 (0.730, 0.877) | 0.883 (0.798, 0.975) |
Vehicle insurance & others | 25.43 (23.94, 27.01) | 37.05 (34.40, 39.91) | 15.44 (12.74, 18.71) | 25.51 (24.16, 26.93) | 29.08 (25.76, 32.82) |
Community-level | |||||
Financial independence ratio | 0.996 (0.992, 0.999) | 0.995 (0.990, 0.999) | 0.998 (0.992, 1.004) | 0.996 a (0.991, 1.000) | 0.996 a (0.991, 1.000) |
Percentage of people with education less than a high school diploma | 1.009 (1.001, 1.017) | 1.009a (1.000, 1.019) | 1.014 a (1.000, 1.029) | 1.013 (1.004, 1.022) | 1.008 a (1.000, 1.017) |
Percentage of moderate physical activity | 1.012 (1.006, 1.019) | 1.011 (1.003, 1.019) | 1.002 (0.990, 1.014) | 1.014 (1.006, 1.021) | 1.012 (1.005, 1.019) |
Percentage of high risk drinking | 1.002 (0.993, 1.011) | 1.005 (0.994, 1.016) | 1.000 (0.985, 1.016) | 1.004 (0.993, 1.014) | 1.003 (0.994, 1.013) |
Random effect (variance) | |||||
Community | 0.0831 (p < 0.0001) | 0.114 (p < 0.0001) | 0.095 (p < 0.0001) | 0.112 (p < 0.0001) | 0.0722 (p < 0.0001) |