More to gain: dietary energy density is related to smoking status in US adults

BMC Public Health

Table 1 Population Characteristics by Smoking Status

	Never Smokers		Former Smokers		Current Non-Daily Smokers		Current Daily Smokers
	n = 3117		n = 1187		n = 205		n = 844
	n	weighted^a %	n	weighted %	n	weighted %	n	weighted %
Sex
Male	1295	55.0	704	57.7*	122	59.3*	435	51.2
Female	1779	45.0	473	42.3	83	40.7	400	48.8
Race
Non-Hispanic White	1158	61.3	608	74.5	76	51.4	455	69.7
Non-Hispanic Black	617	11.7	182	7.2	53	16.8	207	15.6
Mexican American	503	11.4	150	7.4	34	14.3	54	4.3
Other, inc. multiracial	799	15.6	237	10.9	42	17.6	119	10.4
Education Level
HS or less	573	12.8	255	15.1	58	21.8	242	25.3
HS grad / GED	649	20.5	289	23.0	55	25.8	258	32.2
Some college / AA Degree	937	31.9	351	32.4	64	34.7	274	34.1
College graduate or above	913	34.8	281	29.5	28	17.7	60	8.4
Weight Status^b
Underweight	78	2.1	20	1.2	5	2.9	37	3.8
Normal weight	956	31.4	259	21.2	64	29.7	267	31.0
Overweight	918	31.3	424	35.3	58	30.3	265	31.1
Obese	1122	35.4	474	42.3	78	37.1	275	34.1
Age	44.5 ± 0.6		54.6 ± 0.4 ***		37.3 ± 1.2 **		43.0 ± 0.6
Income (PIR)^c	3.0 ± 0.1		3.1 ± 0.11		2.5 ± 0.2**		1.99 ± 0.1***
Mean BMI^d	28.8 ± 0.3		30.0 ± 0.3**		28.7 ± 0.6		28.4 ± 0.3
Physical Activity (MET-Min)^e	92 ± 5		74 ± 4 **		112 ± 12		70 ± 7**

Smoking status defined as follows: never smokers have smoked <100cigarettes/lifetime, former smokers have smoked >100cigarettes/lifetime, but do not currently smoke; current non-daily smokers report currently smoking on some, but not all days; current daily smokers report currently smoking every day
^aWeighted percentage indicates population percentages after application of NHANES survey weights
^bWeight status is defined using standard CDC-cutpoints for BMI with underweight < 18.5 kg/^m2 normal weight 18.5–24.9 kg/m² overweight 25.0–29.9 kg/m², obese > 30 kg/m²
^c Income is expressed as Poverty:Income ratio, adjusted for family size
^d Mean BMI is calculated adjusting for age, sex, and race. Physical activity (MET-Min) is presented as standardized metabolic equivalents, assessed for 1 week
Statistical significance indicated by the following designations: for *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05

ISSN: 1471-2458