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Table 9 The association between public healthcare spending as percentage of GDP (column 1) and various sensitivity checks (columns 2–4)

From: Fiscal rules, powerful levers for controlling the health budget? Evidence from 32 OECD countries

 

Outcome

 

Public healthcare spending as % of GDP

Log public healthcare spending

 

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

FR

−0.40***

 

−0.03*

−0.03*

 

(0.07)

 

(0.01)

(0.01)

Level of DR

    

National

 

−0.03

  
  

(0.02)

  

Supranational

 

−0.07***

  
  

(0.02)

  

both

 

−0.07**

  
  

(0.02)

  

Log population

−0.48

− 0.08

 

0.15

 

(0.61)

(0.15)

 

(0.12)

Log debt

−0.17*

−0.03*

− 0.05***

 
 

(0.08)

(0.01)

(0.01)

 

Log GDP

 

0.83***

0.77***

0.81***

  

(0.06)

(0.05)

(0.06)

Ratio of population 65 and above

  

0.00

 
   

(0.00)

 

Deficit ratio

   

−0.01***

   

(0.00)

IMF bailout

− 0.09

−0.04

− 0.02

−0.06**

(0.12)

(0.02)

(0.02)

(0.02)

Constant

16.41

−10.53***

−9.83***

−14.35***

(10.47)

(2.06)

(1.44)

(1.89)

Country FE

Y

Y

Y

Y

Year FE

Y

Y

Y

Y

N

717

717

735

631

  1. This table presents a series of robustness checks we performed by using similar measures to replace our main model. Column 1 changes the outcome variable from inflation and PPP adjusted public healthcare spending to such spending as a percentage of total GDP. Column 2 replaces the primary variable of interest from general FR to DR. Columns 3 and 4 replaces population and debt with ratio of population 65 and above and deficit ratio
  2. Standard errors in parentheses *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001