Risk factors of stunting among children living in an urban slum of Bangladesh: findings of a prospective cohort study

Table 5 Factors associated with stunting at 12–24 months of age- results from unadjusted and adjusted GEE models^a

Predictors	Unadjusted OR (95% CI)	p value	Adjusted OR (95% CI)	p value
Inherent factors
Age
24 months	1.76 (1.38, 2.25)	0.000	2.34 (1.56, 3.52)	0.000
18 months	1.71 (1.36, 2.16)	0.000	2.13 (1.55, 2.92)	0.000
12 months	Ref
Sex
Male	1.32 (0.83, 2.10)	0.244	1.75 (1.04, 2.95)	0.036
Female	Ref
Proximal factors
DEBF	1.002 (0.99, 1.01)	0.339	1.00 (0.99, 1.01)	0.946
ADD	1.00 (0.98, 1.02)	0.844	1.01 (0.99, 1.04)	0.339
DDS	1.09 (0.94, 1.26)	0.248	0.93 (0.74,1.16)	0.505
Proportion of calorie from CHO	0.99 (0.98, 1.01)	0.433	0.99 (0.97, 1.02)	0.737
Proportion of calorie from Protein	0.99 (0.94, 1.05)	0.852	0.99 (0.91, 1.09)	0.948
Intermediate factors
Maternal age	1.00 (0.96, 1.05)	0.861	0.99 (0.94, 1.05)	0.802
LAZ at birth	0.41 (0.31, 0.54)	0.000	0.40 (0.26, 0.61)	0.000
WAZ at birth	0.51 (0.39, 0.66)	0.000	1.05 (0.68, 1.63)	0.814
Presence of improved toilet
Yes	0.99 (0.54, 1.82)	0.977	0.83 (0.38, 1.82)	0.642
No	Ref
Water source
Piped to dwelling	2.18 (1.15, 4.12)	0.017	1.42 (0.73, 2.77)	0.304
Piped to plot	Ref
Distal factors
Maternal education
> 5 years	0.64 (0.32, 1.27)	0.202	0.72 (0.31, 1.65)	0.432
≤ 5 years	0.79 (0.41, 1.52)	0.479	0.84 (0.40, 1.75)	0.642
No schooling	Ref
Household asset
Wealthy	1.55 (0.78, 3.08)	0.213	1.84 (0.93, 3.65)	0.080
Poor	2.95 (1.49, 5.82)	0.002	2.81 (1.43, 5.52)	0.003
Intermediate	Ref

OR Odds ratio
CI Confidence interval
DEBF Total days of exclusive breastfeeding during the first six months of life
ADD Average number of days suffered from diarrhoea/month
DDS Dietary diversity score
LAZ at birth Length for age Z-score at birth
WAZ at birth Weight for age Z-score at birth
^aGEE models were constructed using unstructured correlation matrix with robust estimator. Included repeated observation from 9 to 12, 15–18 and 21–24 months of age and reported as average at 12, 18 and 24 months of age. Outcome variable- Stunting (LAZ < -2SD) as binary outcome between 12 and 24 months of age. Predictor variables are selected according to inherent, proximal, intermediate and distal factors associated with stunting, significant predictors in adjusted model are highlighted in bold

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