Reporting of pain by people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): comparative results from the HUNT3 population-based survey

Table 3 Adjusted linear regression of pain intensity (n = 33,955)

Independent Variables	Coefficient	SE	P-value
Disease group
Arthritis	0.45	0.43	< 0.001
Heart diseases	- 0.05	0.05	0.356
Diabetes	- 0.35	0.06	< 0.001
No disease	- 0.47	0.06	< 0.001
COPD	reference
Sex
Men	- 0.09	0.02	< 0.001
Women	reference
Age, years	0.03	0.004	< 0.001
Age squared	- 0.0003	0.00004	< 0.001
Housing
Living with others	0.003	0.02	0.877
Living alone	reference
Occupation
With low educational requirements	0.09	0.02	< 0.001
With high educational requirements	reference
Smoking habits
Smoke daily	0.17	0.02	< 0.001
Previous smoker	0.22	0.02	< 0.001
Smoke occasionally	0.09	0.03	0.002
Never smoke	reference
Exercise
Less than once a week	- 0.15	0.04	< 0.001
Once a week	- 0.26	0.04	< 0.001
2–3 times a week	- 0.31	0.03	< 0.001
Nearly every day	- 0.30	0.04	< 0.001
Never	reference
Comorbidity	0.29	0.04	< 0.001
Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)
HADS anxiety score	0.06	0.003	< 0.001
HADS depression score	0.04	0.004	< 0.001
Constant	1.94	0.13	< 0.001

Note: Regression coefficients are unstandardized and the significance is set at p ≤ 0.05