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Table 1 Health Belief items

From: Lifetime utilization of mammography among Maltese women: a cross-sectional survey

 

LIFETIME SCREENERS

versus

NON-SCREENERS

Health Beliefs

χ2

p-value

There is no possibility of getting breast cancer (r)

8.4

0.077

Your chances of getting breast cancer are high

8.2

0.085

There may be the possibility of developing breast cancer in your lifetime

3.0

0.390

When you get a mammogram, you feel good about yourself

45.5

<  0.001*

When you get a mammogram, you do not worry as much about breast cancer

6.4

0.093

Having a mammogram will help you find lumps early in your breasts

19.1

<  0.001*

If you find a lump through a mammogram, the treatment for breast cancer may not be as bad

5.2

0.160

Having a mammogram will decrease your chances of dying from breast cancer

7.5

0.580

Having a mammogram will help you find a lump before it can be felt by yourself or a health professional

7.2

0.065

Having a routine mammogram would make you anxious about breast cancer

27.7

<  0.001*

Having a routine mammogram would make you worry

22.8

<  0.001*

You fear having a mammogram because you might find out that something is wrong

39.7

<  0.001*

You fear having a mammogram because you do not know the procedure or what to expect

145.8

<  0.001*

You fear having a mammogram because you know someone (family or friend) with breast cancer

20.0

<  0.001*

It is embarrassing for you to have a mammogram

40.4

<  0.001*

Undergoing mammography will be painful or uncomfortable

147.5

<  0.001*

Having a mammogram is time consuming

31.1

<  0.001*

You are discontent with Breast Screening personnel as they have been rude to you

n/a

n/a

You have fear or distrust in the medical team

32.9

<  0.001*

Having a mammogram would expose you to unnecessary radiation

27.9

<  0.001*

You have too many other problems in your life than to get a mammogram done

83.1

<  0.001*

You are not old enough to have a mammogram periodically

35.4

<  0.001*

If your GP advises you to attend for a mammogram, you will attend

54.4

<  0.001*

If your relatives or friends advise you to attend for a mammogram, you will attend

16.9

0.001*

If someone close to you has been diagnosed with breast cancer, you will attend for a mammogram

39.4

<  0.001*

Hearing about breast cancer and breast screening in the media or news makes you think about getting a mammogram

34.2

<  0.001*

Reminder letters would help you to get a mammogram

38.9

<  0.001*

Reminder phone calls or text messages would help you to get a mammogram

38.9

<  0.001*

Routine educational talks regarding breast cancer awareness would help you to get a mammogram

37.1

<  0.001*

You feel confident that if you had a mammogram done, any abnormalities in your breasts will be detected

0.6

0.960

You can arrange other things in your life to get a mammogram

49.2

<  0.001*

In case you need a mammogram, you will find a place to get it done

32.8

<  0.001*

You can make an appointment for a mammogram

36.0

<  0.001*

You can arrange transportation to get a mammogram

41.1

<  0.001*

You can talk to people at the breast screening centre about your concerns

n/a

n/a

You can find a way to pay for a mammogram if you need to

32.3

<  0.001*

  1. *Statistically significant
  2. (r) = reverse scored
  3. aChi-square test was applied for all health beliefs; hence the categorical answers were used to apply this test for association. For each question, respondents were asked to select a number between 1 and 5, where 1 = strongly disagree and 5 = strongly agree. For certain items, responses were re-grouped to ensure the feasibility of the Chi-square test