From: Dairy product consumption and risk of hip fracture: a systematic review and meta-analysis
 | Cohort studies (n = 9) | Case-control studies (n = 7) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | n | RR | 95% CI | I2 (%) | P a | P b | n | OR | 95% CI | I2 (%) | P a | P b |
Study quality | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | ||||
 Score ≥ 8 | 4 | 0.98 | 0.75–1.27 | 90.0 | <0.01 | 0.90 | 4 | 0.80 | 0.67–0.95 | 10.0 | 0.34 | 0.05 |
 Score < 8 | 4 | 1.03 | 0.86–1.24 | 0.0 | 0.82 |  | 3 | 0.42 | 0.25–0.71 | 35.0 | 0.21 |  |
Region | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 USA | 4 | 1.00 | 0.96–1.03 | 0.0 | 0.84 | 0.44 | 1 | 1.10 | 0.63–1.94 | NA | NA | 0.04 |
 Europe | 3 | 0.98 | 0.68–1.41 | 86.0 | <0.01 |  | 3 | 0.77 | 0.65–0.90 | 0.0 | 0.39 |  |
 Asia | 1 | 0.54 | 0.26–1.12 |  |  |  | 3 | 0.42 | 0.25–0.71 | 35.0 | 0.21 |  |
Sex | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | ||||
 Male | 5 | 0.91 | 0.70–1.19 | 48.0 | 0.10 | 0.68 | 1 | 0.82 | 0.61–1.11 | NA | NA | 0.28 |
 Female | 6 | 1.07 | 0.78–1.47 | 81.0 | <0.01 |  | 4 | 0.78 | 0.53–1.14 | 58.0 | 0.07 |  |
 Both | 3 | 0.91 | 0.70–1.18 | 23.8 | 0.23 |  | 2 | 0.46 | 0.25–0.85 | 44.0 | 0.18 |  |
No. of cases | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | ||||
 ≥ 1000 | 2 | 1.19 | 0.85–1.66 | 90.0 | <0.01 | 0.16 | 1 | 0.71 | 0.58–0.87 | NA | NA | 0.21 |
 100–1000 | 4 | 1.00 | 0.82–1.21 | 0.0 | 0.57 |  | 4 | 0.83 | 0.65–1.06 | 24.0 | 0.27 |  |
 ≤ 100 | 6 | 0.79 | 0.60–1.04 | 46.0 | 0.10 |  | 2 | 0.28 | 0.15–0.55 | 0.0 | 0.84 |  |
Duration of follow-up years | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | ||||
 ≥ 10 years | 5 | 1.02 | 0.84–1.25 | 86.0 | <0.01 | 0.63 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
 < 10 years | 3 | 0.89 | 0.62–1.29 | 0.0 | 0.98 |  | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Age | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | ||||
 ≥ 70 | 4 | 1.00 | 0.96–1.03 | 0.0 | 0.80 | 0.45 | 3 | 0.61 | 0.34–1.09 | 68.0 | 0.04 | 0.66 |
 < 70 | 5 | 0.89 | 0.66–1.02 | 83.0 | <0.01 |  | 4 | 0.76 | 0.57–1.01 | 52.0 | 0.10 |  |
Adjustment for confounders | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Smoking |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 Yes | 5 | 1.06 | 0.87–1.29 | 85.0 | <0.01 | 0.21 | 2 | 0.87 | 0.67–1.12 | 0.0 | 0.50 | 0.32 |
 No | 3 | 0.78 | 0.55–1.11 | 0.0 | 0.52 |  | 5 | 0.60 | 0.42–0.88 | 60.0 | 0.04 |  |
Alcohol | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Yes | 4 | 1.10 | 0.84–1.43 | 81.0 | <0.01 | 0.18 | 2 | 0.87 | 0.67–1.12 | 0.0 | 0.50 | 0.32 |
 No | 4 | 0.93 | 0.79–1.10 | 16.0 | 0.31 |  | 5 | 0.60 | 0.42–0.88 | 60.0 | 0.04 |  |
BMI | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Yes | 5 | 1.00 | 0.77–1.29 | 79.0 | <0.01 | 0.71 | 4 | 0.80 | 0.67–0.95 | 10.0 | 0.34 | 0.05 |
 No | 3 | 0.99 | 0.96–1.03 | 0.0 | 0.83 |  | 3 | 0.42 | 0.25–0.71 | 35.0 | 0.21 |  |
Physical activity | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Yes | 6 | 1.03 | 0.82–1.29 | 75.0 | <0.01 | 0.47 | 2 | 0.72 | 0.52–1.00 | 37.0 | 0.21 | 0.93 |
 No | 2 | 0.82 | 0.47–1.43 | 63.0 | 0.10 |  | 5 | 0.67 | 0.45–1.01 | 65.0 | 0.02 |  |
Sunlight exposure | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Yes | 0 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 2 | 0.74 | 0.63–0.88 | 0.0 | 0.43 | 0.67 |
 No | 8 | 1.01 | 0.84–1.20 | 80.0 | <0.01 |  | 5 | 0.62 | 0.38–1.01 | 67.0 | 0.02 |  |
Total energy intake | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Yes | 5 | 1.11 | 0.91–1.35 | 86.0 | <0.01 | 0.05 | 0 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
 No | 3 | 0.69 | 0.49–0.96 | 0.0 | 0.45 |  | 7 | 0.71 | 0.55–0.91 | 54.0 | 0.04 |  |
Calcium and vitamin D supplementation | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Yes | 5 | 1.12 | 0.92–1.36 | 86.0 | <0.01 | 0.04 | 0 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
 No | 3 | 0.69 | 0.50–0.95 | 0.0 | 0.47 |  | 7 | 0.71 | 0.55–0.91 | 54.0 | 0.04 |  |