Table 3 Effect size of active school transportation interventions stratified by intervention type
From: Effectiveness of active school transport interventions: a systematic review and update
Measure of effect size | Cohen’s d | |
|---|---|---|
Safe Routes to school | ||
Henderson (2013) | Change in prevalence of AST (morning trip/afternoon trip) | 0.66/0.17 |
McDonald (2014) | Change in prevalence of AST | 0.19 |
Østergaard (2015) | Change in number of weekly AST trips | 0.02 |
Stewart (2014) | Change in prevalence of AST | 0.28 |
School travel planning | ||
Buliung (2011) | Change in prevalence of AST | 0.05 |
Crawford (2013) | Change in prevalence of AST – inner suburban pilot school (direct observation/hands-up survey) | 0.27/0.30 |
Crawford (2013) | Change in prevalence of AST – outer suburban pilot school (direct observation/hands-up survey) | −0.12/0.04 |
Crawford (2013) | Change in prevalence of AST in the program schools (parent report/child report) | 0.04/-0.06 |
Hinckson (2011a) | Change in prevalence of AST | 0.14 |
Hinckson (2011b) | Change in prevalence of AST according to length of follow-up (1 year/2 years/3 years) | −0.17; 0.51; 0.54 |
Mammen (2014b) | Change in prevalence of AST (morning trip/afternoon trip) | −0.02; 0.01 |
Walking school buses | ||
Mendoza (2011) | Change in percentage of trips using AST | 0.40 |
Sayers (2012) | Difference in % of time spent in MVPA | −0.32 |
Cycle training | ||
Ducheyne (2014) | Change in weekly time spent engaging in AST (intervention vs. control group/intervention + parent vs. control group) | 0.46/0.03 |
Johnson (2016) | Difference in odds of cycling to school between trained and untrained children (Bikeability survey) | 0.45 |
Johnson (2016) | Difference in odds of cycling to school between trained and untrained (CensusAtSchool survey) | 0.26 |
Goodman (2016) | Difference in odds of cycling to school between trained and untrained (school level/individual level) | −0.17; 0.18 |
Special events | ||
Bungum (2014) | Change in number of students engaging in AST | 0.29 |
Coombes (2016) | Change in proportion of trips using AST at 7-week and 20-week follow ups respectively | −0.32; 0.24 |
Hunter (2015) | Change in prevalence of AST (measured with swipe card/self-report) | −0.61; 0.34 |
Multi-component interventions | ||
Christiansen (2014) | Change in odds of engaging in AST | 0.13 |
Xu (2015) | Change in odds of engaging in AST | 0.45 |
Curriculum-based interventions | ||
McMinn (2012) | Difference in commuting steps and MVPA between intervention and control groups | 0.06/-0.03 |
McMinn (2012) | Difference in daily steps and MVPA between intervention and control groups | 0.52/0.46 |
Villa-Gonzalez (2016) | Changes in weekly number of active trips | 0.40 |
Drop-off spots | ||
Vanwolleghem (2014) | Change in frequency of AST | 0.75 |
Crossing guards | ||
Gutierrez (2014) | Change in number of students engaging in AST | 0.03 |