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Table 5 Prevalence and adjusted associations of cardiometabolic risk indicators with sociodemographic indicators in twins and singletons

From: The Colombo Twin and Singleton Follow-up Study: a population based twin study of psychiatric disorders and metabolic syndrome in Sri Lanka

 

Total sample

Gender

Education

Age

Male

Female

Higher

Lower

19–34

35–54

55+

Twins

(N = 2934)

(n = 1289)

(n = 1645)

(n = 960)

(n = 1923)

(n = 1197)

(n = 1302)

(n = 435)

 MetS: IDF (N = 2553)

  % (n)

27.4 (700)

19.9 (229)

33.6 (471)

25.0 (200)

28.7 (491)

13.8 (142)

33.7 (388)

45.5 (170)

  AOR (95% CI)

 

ref.

2.0*** (1.6–2.4)

ref.

0.8 (0.7–1.0)

ref.

2.6*** (2.0–3.4)

4.3*** (3.1–5.9)

 MetS: NCEP ATP III (N = 2553)

  % (n)

30.6 (780)

25.9 (298)

34.4 (482)

27.6 (221)

32.1 (549)

16.1 (166)

37.0 (425)

50.5 (189)

  AOR (95% CI)

 

ref.

1.4** (1.2–1.7)

ref.

0.8 (0.7–1.0)

ref.

2.5*** (1.9–3.1)

4.3*** (3.1–5.8)

 BMI ≥23 (N = 2738)

  % (n)

52.3 (1431)

45.7 (559)

57.6 (872)

55.2 (487)

50.9 (920)

45.5 (502)

57.3 (703)

55.5 (226)

  AOR (95% CI)

 

ref.

1.5*** (1.3–1.8)

ref.

0.7*** (0.6–0.8)

ref.

1.4** (1.1–1.7)

1.3* (1.0–1.8)

 Central obesity (N = 2743)

  % (n)

59.2 (1623)

34.8 (425)

78.8 (1198)

62.9 (555)

57.7 (1045)

48.4 (535)

65.9 (810)

68.0 (278)

  AOR (95% CI)

 

ref.

7.4*** (6.0–9.0)

ref.

0.5*** (0.4–0.7)

ref.

1.8*** (1.4–2.3)

2.0*** (1.5–2.8)

 Raised triglycerides (N = 2577)

  % (n)

25.0 (644)

35.6 (413)

16.3 (231)

24.4 (197)

25.5 (439)

21.1 (220)

28.6 (331)

24.7 (93)

  AOR (95% CI)

 

ref.

0.3*** (0.3–0.4)

ref.

0.9 (0.7–1.1)

ref.

1.5** (1.2–1.9)

1.4 (0.8–1.6)

 Low HDL cholesterol (N = 2577)

  % (n)

32.3 (832)

20.2 (234)

42.2 (598)

30.8 (249)

33.0 (569)

34.7 (362)

31.5 (364)

28.2 (106)

  AOR (95% CI)

 

ref.

2.9*** (2.4–3.5)

ref.

1.2 (0.9–1.5)

ref.

0.7** (0.5–0.8)

0.5*** (0.4–0.8)

 Raised BP /hypertensive tx (N = 2747)

  % (n)

27.4 (754)

28.0 (343)

27.0 (411)

19.9 (176)

31.2 (565)

11.4 (126)

30.3 (373)

62.2 (255)

  AOR (95% CI)

 

ref.

0.8 (0.7–1.0)

ref.

1.1 (0.9–1.4)

ref.

3.0*** (2.3–3.9)

10.5***(7.6–14.5)

 Raised fasting glucose/diabetes (N = 2597)

  % (n)

38.2 (992)

38.1 (444)

38.3 (548)

34.1 (279)

40.1 (695)

20.3 (212)

46.4 (541)

61.8 (239)

  AOR (95% CI)

 

ref.

0.9 (0.8–1.1)

ref.

0.9 (0.7–1.1)

ref.

3.0*** (2.4–3.7)

5.9*** (4.4–7.8)

Singletons

(N = 1035)

(n = 392)

(n = 643)

(n = 245)

(n = 787)

(n = 146)

(n = 450)

(n = 439)

 MetS: IDF (N = 891)

  % (n)

44.6 (397)

28.3 (98)

54.9 (299)

41.2 (89)

45.4 (305)

27.9 (34)

43.1 (175)

51.8 (188)

  AOR (95% CI)

 

ref.

3.5*** (2.5–4.8)

ref.

1.0 (0.7–1.4)

ref.

1.6 (1.0–2.5)

2.6*** (1.6–4.3)

 MetS: NCEP ATP III (N = 891)

  % (n)

48.6 (433)

36.4 (126)

56.3 (307)

45.8 (99)

49.3 (331)

29.5 (36)

46.3 (188)

57.6 (209)

  AOR (95% CI)

 

ref.

2.6*** (1.9–3.6)

ref.

1.0 (0.7–1.4)

ref.

1.7* (1.0–2.7)

3.0*** (1.9–4.9)

 BMI ≥23 (N = 925)

  % (n)

61.0 (564)

49.7 (177)

68.0 (387)

65.0 (147)

59.6 (415)

63.0 (80)

68.1 (282)

52.6 (202)

  AOR (95% CI)

 

ref.

2.1*** (1.6–2.8)

ref.

0.8 (0.6–1.1)

ref.

1.0 (0.6–1.5)

0.6* (0.4–0.9)

 Central obesity (N = 926)

  % (n)

71.2 (659)

41.7 (149)

89.6 (510)

72.1 (163)

70.7 (493)

63.8 (81)

75.4 (313)

69.0 (265)

  AOR (95% CI)

 

ref.

12.4*** (8.6–18.0)

ref.

0.7 (0.5–1.1)

ref.

1.1 (0.6–1.9)

1.0 (0.6–1.7)

 Raised triglycerides (N = 899)

  % (n)

29.6 (266)

37.2 (130)

24.7 (136)

32.7 (71)

28.7 (195)

31.5 (39)

31.0 (127)

27.4 (100)

  AOR (95% CI)

 

ref.

0.6*** (0.4–0.8)

ref.

0.8 (0.6–1.1)

ref.

1.0 (0.6–1.6)

0.8 (0.6–1.2)

 Low HDL cholesterol (N = 899)

  % (n)

39.9 (359)

24.9 (87)

49.5 (272)

39.2 (85)

39.9 (271)

38.7 (48)

44.6 (183)

35.1 (128)

  AOR (95% CI)

 

ref.

2.9*** (2.2–4.0)

ref.

1.0 (0.7–1.4)

ref.

1.1 (0.7–1.8)

0.8 (0.5–1.3)

 Raised BP /hypertensive tx (N = 928)

  % (n)

46.6 (432)

48.7 (175)

45.2 (257)

40.7 (92)

48.5 (339)

12.5 (16)

33.0 (137)

72.5 (279)

  AOR (95% CI)

 

ref.

0.9 (0.7–1.3)

ref.

1.0 (0.7–1.4)

ref.

3.3*** (1.8–6.1)

16.6***(8.9–30.9)

 Raised fasting glucose/diabetes (N = 923)

  % (n)

56.7 (523)

54.9 (196)

57.8 (327)

52.3 (115)

57.9 (405)

39.5 (49)

51.2 (212)

68.1 (262)

  AOR (95% CI)

 

ref.

1.3 (0.97–1.7)

ref.

1.2 (0.8–1.6)

ref.

1.2 (0.8–1.9)

2.8*** (1.8–4.4)

  1. Odds ratios adjust for age, gender, education, marital status, ethnicity and financial strain
  2. AOR Adjusted odds ratio, CI confidence interval, MetS metabolic syndrome, IDF International Diabetes Federation criteria, NCEP ATP III revised National Cholesterol Education Programme Adult Treatment Panel criteria, BMI Body-Mass Index, BP blood pressure
  3. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001
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