Table 3 Cox proportional hazards models for the effect of socioeconomic status, reserve capacity variables and school achievement on mortality in Finland, Girls, Hazard ratios with 95% confidence interval (CI) estimates
Predictor variables in adolescence | Model 1a | Model 2b | Model 3c |
|---|---|---|---|
Family SES (parents’ education) | |||
Higher | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Secondary | 1.0 (0.6–1.8) | 1.0 (0.6–1.7) | 0.9 (0.5–1.5) |
Basic or lower | 1.4 (0.8–2.4) | 1.2 (0.7–2.1) | 1.0 (0.6–1.8) |
Perceived health | |||
Chronic disease | |||
No | 1.0 | n.s. | n.s. |
Yes | 1.2 (0.7–2.0) | ||
Perceived stress symptoms | |||
None | 1.0 | ||
1/week | 0.8 (0.5–1.4) | n.s. | n.s. |
2–3/week | 1.3 (0.8–2.1) | ||
4–8/week | 1.5 (0.9–2.5) | ||
Self-rated health | |||
Very good | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Average or good | 1.4 (0.9–2.2) | 1.4 (0.9–2.2) | 1.4 (0.9–2.1) |
Poor | 4.5 (2.1–9.6)** | 5.2 (2.5–10.6)** | 4.5 (2.2–9.4)** |
Health-promoting behaviour | |||
Physical activity | |||
Very active efficient exerciser | 1.0 | ||
Active efficient exerciser | 1.9 (1.0–3.5)* | n.s. | n.s. |
Occasional or low efficient exerciser | 1.7 (0.9–3.2) | ||
Does not exercise | 2.0 (1.0–3.8)* | ||
Regular tooth brushing | |||
Several times/day | 1.0 | ||
Once/day | 0.9 (0.6–1.3) | n.s. | n.s. |
1–5 times/week or less | 1.3 (0.7–2.3) | ||
Social support | |||
Nuclear family (with both parents) | |||
Yes | 1.0 | n.s | n.s. |
No | 1.2 (0.8–1.7) | ||
Talking about issues to father | |||
Easy | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Difficult | 1.3 (0.8–2.0) | 1.2 (0.8–1.9) | 1.3 (0.8–1.9) |
Very difficult/No father | 1.7 (1.0–2.8)* | 1.8 (1.1–2.7)* | 1.7 (1.1–2.6)* |
Talking about issues to mother | |||
Easy | 1.0 | ||
Difficult | 1.0 (0.6–1.6) | n.s | n.s. |
Very difficult/No mother | 1.9 (1.1–3.5)* | ||
Talking about issues to friends | |||
Easy | 1.0 | ||
Difficult | 1.1 (0.6–1.9) | n.s | n.s. |
Very difficult/No friends | 0.4 (0.6–3.1) | ||
School achievement | |||
Highest | 1.0 | 1.0 | |
2nd highest | 1.0 (0.6–1.6) | 1.0 (0.6–1.6) | |
2nd lowest | 1.0 (0.6–1.7) | – | 1.0 (0.6–1.6) |
Lowest | 2.8 (1.7–4.7)** | 2.4 (1.4–4.1)** | |