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Table 2 Cox proportional hazards models for the effect of socioeconomic status, reserve capacity variables and school achievement on mortality in Finland, Boys, Hazard ratios with 95% confidence interval (CI) estimates

From: Adolescent reserve capacity, socioeconomic status and school achievement as predictors of mortality in Finland - a longitudinal study

Predictor variables in adolescence

Model 1a

Model 2b

Model 3c

Family SES (parents’ education)

 Higher

1.0

1.0

1.0

 Secondary

1.6 (1.1–2.4)*

1.5 (1.0–2.1)*

1.3 (0.9–1.9)

 Basic or lower

2.2 (1.5–3.3)**

1.9 (1.3–2.9)**

1.6 (1.1–2.4)*

Perceived health

 Chronic disease

  No

1.0

1.0

1.0

  Yes

1.5 (1.1–2.1)**

1.6 (1.2–2.1)*

1.6 (1.2–2.1)**

 Perceived stress symptoms

  None

1.0

1.0

1.0

  1/week

1.2 (0.9–1.5)

1.1 (0.8–1.5)

1.1 (0.8–1.5)

  2–3/week

1.2 (0.9–1.6)

1.1 (0.8–1.5)

1.1 (0.8–1.5)

  4–8/week

1.8 (1.3–2.6)**

1.7 (1.2–2.4)*

1.7 (1.2–2.3)**

 Self-rated health

  Very good

1.0

  

  Average or good

1.2 (0.9–1.5)

n.s.

n.s.

  Poor

1.8 (0.9–3.3)

  

Health-promoting behaviour

 Physical activity

  Very active efficient exerciser

1.0

  

  Active efficient exerciser

1.0 (0.7–1.3)

n.s.

n.s.

  Occasional/low efficient exerciser

1.0 (0.7–1.3)

  

  Does not exercise

1.3 (1.0–1.8)

  

 Regular tooth brushing

  Several times/day

1.0

1.0

1.0

  Once/day

1.2 (0.9–1.7)

1.2 (0.9–1.7)

1.1 (0.8–1.6)

  1–5 times/week or less

1.9 (1.3–2.6)**

1.7 (1.2–2.3)*

1.5 (1.0–2.0)*

Social support

 Nuclear family (with both parents)

  Yes

1.0

1.0

1.0

  No

1.5 (1.2–1.9)*

1.4 (1.1–1.8)*

1.4 (1.0–1.7)*

 Talking about issues to father

  Easy

1.0

1.0

1.0

  Difficult

1.2 (0.9–1.6)

1.2 (1.0–1.6)

1.2 (1.0–1.6)

  Very difficult/No father

1.6 (1.1–2.2)**

1.6 (1.2–2.1)*

1.6 (1.2–2.1)**

 Talking about issues to mother

  Easy

1.0

  

  Difficult

1.2 (0.9–1.6)

n.s.

n.s.

  Very difficult/No mother

1.2 (0.7–1.8)

  

 Talking about issues to friends

  Easy

1.0

  

  Difficult

1.0 (0.8–1.3)

n.s.

n.s

  Very difficult/No friends

1.4 (0.9–2.1)

  

School achievement

 Highest

1.0

 

1.0

 2nd highest

1.7 (1.1–2.6)*

 

1.6 (1.0–2.4)*

 2nd lowest

2.4 (1.6–3.6)**

–

2.0 (1.3–3.1)**

 Lowest

3.1 (2.0–4.7)**

 

2.3 (1.4–3.5)**

  1. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.001; n.s. not significant
  2. aModel 1. All predictor variables bModel 2. All significant reserve capacity variables from Model 1 and family SES. cModel 3. Model 2 variables and school achievement
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BMC Public Health

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