Adolescent reserve capacity, socioeconomic status and school achievement as predictors of mortality in Finland - a longitudinal study

Paulyn Jean Acacio-Claro; Leena Kristiina Koivusilta; Judith Rafaelita Borja; Arja Hannele Rimpelä

doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4990-4

Table 2 Cox proportional hazards models for the effect of socioeconomic status, reserve capacity variables and school achievement on mortality in Finland, Boys, Hazard ratios with 95% confidence interval (CI) estimates

From: Adolescent reserve capacity, socioeconomic status and school achievement as predictors of mortality in Finland - a longitudinal study

Predictor variables in adolescence	Model 1^a	Model 2^b	Model 3^c
Family SES (parents’ education)
Higher	1.0	1.0	1.0
Secondary	1.6 (1.1–2.4)*	1.5 (1.0–2.1)*	1.3 (0.9–1.9)
Basic or lower	2.2 (1.5–3.3)**	1.9 (1.3–2.9)**	1.6 (1.1–2.4)*
Perceived health
Chronic disease
No	1.0	1.0	1.0
Yes	1.5 (1.1–2.1)**	1.6 (1.2–2.1)*	1.6 (1.2–2.1)**
Perceived stress symptoms
None	1.0	1.0	1.0
1/week	1.2 (0.9–1.5)	1.1 (0.8–1.5)	1.1 (0.8–1.5)
2–3/week	1.2 (0.9–1.6)	1.1 (0.8–1.5)	1.1 (0.8–1.5)
4–8/week	1.8 (1.3–2.6)**	1.7 (1.2–2.4)*	1.7 (1.2–2.3)**
Self-rated health
Very good	1.0
Average or good	1.2 (0.9–1.5)	n.s.	n.s.
Poor	1.8 (0.9–3.3)
Health-promoting behaviour
Physical activity
Very active efficient exerciser	1.0
Active efficient exerciser	1.0 (0.7–1.3)	n.s.	n.s.
Occasional/low efficient exerciser	1.0 (0.7–1.3)
Does not exercise	1.3 (1.0–1.8)
Regular tooth brushing
Several times/day	1.0	1.0	1.0
Once/day	1.2 (0.9–1.7)	1.2 (0.9–1.7)	1.1 (0.8–1.6)
1–5 times/week or less	1.9 (1.3–2.6)**	1.7 (1.2–2.3)*	1.5 (1.0–2.0)*
Social support
Nuclear family (with both parents)
Yes	1.0	1.0	1.0
No	1.5 (1.2–1.9)*	1.4 (1.1–1.8)*	1.4 (1.0–1.7)*
Talking about issues to father
Easy	1.0	1.0	1.0
Difficult	1.2 (0.9–1.6)	1.2 (1.0–1.6)	1.2 (1.0–1.6)
Very difficult/No father	1.6 (1.1–2.2)**	1.6 (1.2–2.1)*	1.6 (1.2–2.1)**
Talking about issues to mother
Easy	1.0
Difficult	1.2 (0.9–1.6)	n.s.	n.s.
Very difficult/No mother	1.2 (0.7–1.8)
Talking about issues to friends
Easy	1.0
Difficult	1.0 (0.8–1.3)	n.s.	n.s
Very difficult/No friends	1.4 (0.9–2.1)
School achievement
Highest	1.0		1.0
2nd highest	1.7 (1.1–2.6)*		1.6 (1.0–2.4)*
2nd lowest	2.4 (1.6–3.6)**	–	2.0 (1.3–3.1)**
Lowest	3.1 (2.0–4.7)**		2.3 (1.4–3.5)**

*p < 0.05; **p < 0.001; n.s. not significant
^aModel 1. All predictor variables ^bModel 2. All significant reserve capacity variables from Model 1 and family SES. ^cModel 3. Model 2 variables and school achievement

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