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Table 6 Adjusted and unadjusted prevalence-ratio of biological noncommunicable disease risk factors and the socio-demographic characteristics, Bhutan 2014

From: Alarming prevalence and clustering of modifiable noncommunicable disease risk factors among adults in Bhutan: a nationwide cross-sectional community survey

Socio-demographic characteristics

Raised Blood Pressure

Impaired Fasting Glycaemia

Raised Cholesterol

Overweight

PR (95%CI)

aPR (95%CI)

PR (95%CI)

aPR (95%CI)

PR (95%CI)

aPR (95%CI)

PR (95%CI)

aPR (95%CI)

Age group

 18–39

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

 40–65

2.02(2, 2.04)**

1.89(1.69, 2.11)**

2.06(2.01, 2.11)**

2.18(1.77, 2.69)**

1.49(1.46, 1.53)**

1.64(1.3, 2.08)**

1.38(1.36, 1.39)**

1.55(1.39, 1.72)**

Gender

 Male

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

 Female

1.01(1, 1.02)

1.08(0.98, 1.19)

1.12(1.09, 1.15)**

1.24(1.01, 1.52)*

0.88(0.85, 0.9)**

0.85(0.67, 1.08)

1.48(1.46, 1.5)**

1.46(1.31, 1.63)**

Education Level

 None

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

 Primary

0.81(0.8, 0.82)**

0.92(0.82, 1.04)

1.28(1.25, 1.31)**

1.65(1.33, 2.05)**

1.28(1.24, 1.31)**

1.49(1.17, 1.91)**

0.95(0.93, 0.96)**

0.97(0.86, 1.1)

 Secondary and above

0.6(0.59, 0.61)**

0.78(0.64, 0.95)*

0.86(0.83, 0.89)**

1.13(0.76, 1.68)

0.87(0.84, 0.9)**

1.01(0.67, 1.53)

1.07(1.05, 1.09)**

0.88(0.75, 1.04)

Employment

 Salaried (Non/Govt employee)

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

 Self employed

1.13(1.12, 1.15)**

0.92(0.79, 1.06)

1.25(1.22, 1.29)**

1.47(1.07, 2)*

1.11(1.07, 1.14)**

1.11(0.8, 1.55)

0.7(0.69, 0.71)**

0.84(0.73, 0.96)*

 Unpaid

0.86(0.84, 0.87)**

0.82(0.7, 0.97)*

1(0.97, 1.04)

1.19(0.83, 1.69)

1.12(1.08, 1.16)**

1.26(0.89, 1.78)

0.89(0.87, 0.9)**

0.86(0.74, 0.99)*

Area of Residence

 Rural

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

 Urban

0.99(0.98, 1)*

1.2(1.06, 1.36)**

1.03(1, 1.05)*

1.15(0.91, 1.46)

1.07(1.04, 1.1)**

1.18(0.91, 1.53)

1.64(1.62, 1.66)**

1.36(1.21, 1.54)**

Income Level (in USD)a

 Poorest (<=1147)

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

 Middle (1148–2823)

0.78(0.77, 0.79)**

0.85(0.75, 0.97)*

0.98(0.95, 1)

1.12(0.88, 1.44)

0.93(0.9, 0.96)**

0.98(0.73, 1.31)

1.58(1.56, 1.6)**

1.47(1.28, 1.68)**

 Richest(> = 2824)

0.92(0.9, 0.93)**

1.02(0.88, 1.19)

1.16(1.12, 1.2)**

1.15(0.86, 1.54)

1.13(1.09, 1.17)**

1.14(0.83, 1.57)

1.61(1.58, 1.63)**

1.47(1.26, 1.72)**

  1. PR prevalence ratio, aPR adjusted prevalence ratio
  2. *Statistically significant at <0.05, **statistically significant at <0.001
  3. atertiles of annual income reported by the household; exchange rate @Nu. 68 per 1 USD