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Table 5 Adjusted and unadjusted prevalence-ratio of behavioral noncommunicable disease risk factors and the socio-demographic characteristics, Bhutan 2014

From: Alarming prevalence and clustering of modifiable noncommunicable disease risk factors among adults in Bhutan: a nationwide cross-sectional community survey

Socio-demographic characteristics

High alcohol consumption

Unhealthy diet

Low physical activity

PR (95%CI)

aPR (95%CI)

PR (95%CI)

aPR (95%CI)

PR (95%CI)

aPR (95%CI)

Age group

 18–39

1

1

1

1

1

1

 40–65

1.53(1.48, 1.58)**

1.26(0.97, 1.65)

0.98(0.97, 1)*

0.98(0.87, 1.1)

1.02(0.99, 1.06)

1.42(1.1, 1.85)*

Gender

 Male

1

1

1

1

1

1

 Female

0.6(0.58, 0.62)**

0.71(0.53, 0.97)*

0.86(0.85, 0.87)**

0.94(0.84, 1.06)

2.46(2.37, 2.54)**

2.06(1.54, 2.75)**

Education Level

 None

1

1

1

1

1

1

 Primary

0.76(0.73, 0.79)**

0.79(0.55, 1.13)

1.01(1, 1.03)

0.95(0.83, 1.08)

1.09(1.04, 1.14)**

0.93(0.66, 1.31)

 Secondary and above

0.61(0.58, 0.64)**

0.96(0.6, 1.53)

1.09(1.08, 1.11)**

1.06(0.89, 1.26)

2.66(2.56, 2.76)**

1.71(1.24, 2.35)**

Employment

 Salaried (Non/Govt employee)

1

1

1

1

1

1

 Self employed

1.27(1.22, 1.32)**

1.06(0.72, 1.56)

1.08(1.06, 1.09)**

1.19(1.02, 1.39)*

0.61(0.58, 0.64)**

1.48(1.05, 2.08)*

 Unpaid

0.54(0.51, 0.57)**

0.55(0.3, 1.03)

0.69(0.67, 0.7)**

0.77(0.63, 0.94)*

1.44(1.39, 1.5)**

1.73(1.27, 2.34)**

Area of Residence

 Rural

1

1

1

1

1

1

 Urban

0.58(0.56, 0.61)**

0.76(0.51, 1.13)

0.97(0.96, 0.98)**

0.94(0.82, 1.09)

4.04(3.9, 4.18)**

3.43(2.27, 5.18)**

Income Level (in USD)b

 Poorest (<=1147)

1

1

1

1

1

1

 Middle (1148–2823)

0.82(0.79, 0.85)**

0.92(0.67, 1.27)

1.15(1.14, 1.17)**

1.22(1.07, 1.4)**

2.37(2.27, 2.46)**

1.01(0.73, 1.38)

 Richest (> = 2824)

0.54(0.51, 0.57)**

0.64(0.36, 1.15)

1.09(1.07, 1.11)**

1.1(0.92, 1.31)

3.71(3.55, 3.87)**

1.19(0.87, 1.64)

  1. PR prevalence ratio, aPR adjusted prevalence ratio
  2. *Statistically significant at <0.05, ** statistically significant at <0.001
  3. btertiles of annual income reported by the household; exchange rate @Nu. 68 per 1 USD