Table 1 Published studies on surrogate CVD outcomes in PLWH in sub-Saharan Africa

Fourie et al. [93]

(SA, 2005)

Case-control

PLWH: 300

HIV-: 300

44 ± 8

44 ± 8

100% ART-naïve

• Untreated HIV associated with higher biomarkers of endothelial injury

Lazar et al. [92]

(Rwanda, 2005)

Prospective cohort

PLWH: 276

HIV-: 67

35 ± 7

41 ± 10

59% ART-naïve

41% on ART

• HIV not associated with increased arterial wave reflection

Botha et al. [132]

(SA, 2005-10)

Prospective cohort

PLWH: 137

52% ART-naïve

48% on ART

• ART exposure associated with higher pulse pressure

Fourie et al. [78]

(SA, 2005-10)

Prospective cohort

PLWH: 144

HIV-: 165

no ART: 48 ± 1

on ART: 49 ± 1

50 ± 1

54% ART-naïve

46% on ART

• >5y HIV infection associated with increased biomarkers of endothelial activation

Ngatchou et al. [94]

(Cameroon, 2009-10)

Cross-sectional

PLWH: 108

HIV-: 96

39 ± 11

41 ± 12

100% ART-naïve

• HIV associated with aortic stiffness as assessed by radial tonometry

Ngatchou et al. [133]

(Cameroon, 2009-10)

Cross-sectional

PLWH: 238

no ART: 39 ± 11

on ART: 41 ± 12

45% ART-naïve

55% on ART

• ART exposure associated with increased pulse pressure and augmentation index among ART-experienced patients compared to untreated PLWH

Ssinabulya et al. [95]

(Uganda, 2012)

Cross-sectional

PLWH: 245

37 (31-37)

59% ART-naïve

41% on ART

• HIV associated with 18% risk of pre-clinical carotid atherosclerosis on ultrasound imaging

Awotedu et al. [96]

(SA, 2012-13)

Cross-sectional

PLWH: 106

HIV-: 63

no ART: 36 ± 11

on ART: 40 ± 10

36 ± 11

51% ART-naïve

49% on ART

• HIV associated with increased aortic pulse wave velocity

• Highest increase among ART-experienced

Schoffelen et al. [99]

(SA, 2013)

Cross-sectional

PLWH: 904

41 (35-48)

13% ART-naïve

87% on ART

• cIMT associated with traditional CVD risk factors, not HIV-specific factors

Siedner et al. [97]

(Uganda, 2013-14)

Cross-sectional

PLWH: 105

HIV-: 100

49 (45-51)

50 (46-54)

100% on ART

• HIV associated with twice the risk of arterial stiffness as assessed by calculating ankle-brachial index

Feinstein et al. [98]

(Uganda, not stated)

Cross-sectional

PLWH: 105

HIV-: 100

49 ± 6

52 ± 9

100% on ART

• HIV not associated with carotid intima media thickness

Gleason et al. [81]

(Ethiopia, not stated)

Cross-sectional

PLWH: 281

HIV-: 36

no ART: 38 (32-45)

EFV: 38 (32-45)

LPV/r: 39 (35-44)

NVP: 37 (32-42)

39 (29-45)

18% ART-naïve

82% on ART

• Use of EFV & LPV/r, nut not NVP, is associated with elevated pulse wave velocity, normalized cIMT, and abnormal FMD

Mosepele et al. [91]

(Botswana, not stated)

Cross-sectional

PLWH: 208

39 (5)

25% ART-naïve

75% on ART

• Atherosclerotic CVD risk score and cIMT measurement similarly identify high CVD risk