Table 3 Age-adjusted means of cardiovascular risk factors by sex and HbA1c-defined diabetes status among adults aged 20 years or older, 1988–2014a
From: Trends in cardiovascular risk factors among U.S. men and women with and without diabetes, 1988–2014
Risk actors by sex and diabetes status | NHANES 1988–1994 | NHANES 1999–2002 | NHANES 2003–2006 | NHANES 2007–2010 | NHANES 2011–2014 | P Value for Linear Trend, 1988–1994 to 2011-2014b |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Body mass index (kg/m2) | ||||||
Non-diabetic Men | 26.42 (26.21–26.63) | 27.41 (27.19–27.63) | 28.05 (27.81–28.28) | 28.24 (27.98–28.5) | 28.14 (27.91–28.37) | <.0001 |
Diabetic Men | 29.61 (28.25–30.96) | 33.02 (31.24–34.79) | 32.40 (31.04–33.75) | 32.55 (31.42–33.69) | 33.49 (31.60–35.38) | <.0001 |
Non- diabetic Women | 26.16 (25.86–26.46) | 27.84 (27.48–28.20) | 28.01 (27.60–28.42) | 28.07 (27.82–28.32) | 28.58 (28.22–28.94) | <.0001 |
Diabetic Women | 31.97 (29.94–33.99) | 33.48 (31.88–35.09) | 35.04 (33.36–36.71) | 36.45 (34.76–38.14) | 35.84 (34.52–37.15) | <.0001 |
Waist circumference (cm) | ||||||
Non- diabetic Men | 95.30 (94.89–95.70) | 98.26 (97.66–98.87) | 100.16 (99.50–100.82) | 100.01 (99.28–100.75) | 99.96 (99.32–100.59) | <.0001 |
Diabetic Men | 104.35 (100.84–107.87) | 113.04 (108.89–117.19) | 110.93 (107.77–114.09) | 110.78 (107.42–114.14) | 114.61 (109.97–119.26) | <.0001 |
Non- diabetic Women | 88.00 (87.31–88.68) | 91.74 (90.83–92.64) | 93.32 (92.40–94.24) | 93.83 (93.16–94.50) | 95.41 (94.61–96.21) | <.0001 |
Diabetic Women | 102.38 (98.03–106.73) | 106.57 (102.73–110.41) | 109.25 (105.18–113.31) | 114.15 (110.57–117.72) | 112.37 (109.30–115.45) | <.0001 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | ||||||
Non-diabetic Men | 125.16 (124.52–125.79) | 124.40 (123.36–125.45) | 124.23 (123.37–125.08) | 122.77 (122.19–123.35) | 122.53 (121.74–123.33) | <.0001 |
Diabetic Men | 129.59 (126.81–132.37) | 127.83 (124.63–131.04) | 127.24 (124.22–130.25) | 126.56 (124.38–128.75) | 128.82 (126.41–131.23) | 0.0008 |
Non- diabetic Women | 120.16 (119.55–120.78) | 122.23 (121.49–122.97) | 120.68 (119.99–121.38) | 118.17 (117.43–118.91) | 118.73 (118.02–119.43) | <.0001 |
Diabetic Women | 126.89 (124.55–129.24) | 130.50 (127.19–133.81) | 127.97 (125.70–130.24) | 125.50 (123.39–127.61) | 124.35 (122.04–126.67)c | <.0001 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | ||||||
Non-diabetic Men | 76.70 (76.27–77.12) | 73.86 (73.19–74.54) | 71.68 (71.12–72.24) | 71.98 (71.26–72.70) | 71.77 (70.94–72.60) | <.0001 |
Diabetic Men | 77.88 (75.91–79.85) | 75.80 (72.40–79.20) | 73.79 (71.22–76.37) | 70.88 (68.41–73.34) | 73.37 (70.89–75.86) | <.0001 |
Non-diabetic Women | 72.26 (71.82–72.70) | 70.87 (70.17–71.58) | 69.31 (68.68–69.95) | 68.42 (67.55–69.29) | 69.58 (68.94–70.22) | <.0001 |
Diabetic Women | 74.63 (73.40–75.86) | 70.03 (66.85–73.21) | 69.73 (67.79–71.67) | 70.01 (68.25–71.76) | 70.69 (69.25–72.13) | <.0001 |
Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | ||||||
Non-diabetic Men | 5.24 (5.19–5.29) | 5.09 (5.04–5.14) | 5.15 (5.11–5.18) | 5.03 (4.98–5.08) | 4.90 (4.86–4.95) | <.0001 |
Diabetic Men | 5.24 (4.88–5.59) | 5.06 (4.84–5.29) | 5.21 (5.00–5.42) | 4.78 (4.61–4.95) | 4.69 (4.50–4.89) | <.0001 |
Non-diabetic Women | 5.30 (5.26–5.35) | 5.15 (5.10–5.20) | 5.28 (5.24–5.32) | 5.15 (5.11–5.19) | 5.08 (5.04–5.11) | <.0001 |
Diabetic Women | 5.52 (5.36–5.68) | 5.31 (5.12–5.50) | 5.20 (4.97–5.44) | 5.20 (4.96–5.43) | 4.95 (4.82–5.07) | <.0001 |
HDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) | ||||||
Non-diabetic Men | 1.2 (1.18–1.22) | 1.21 (1.19–1.22) | 1.27 (1.26–1.29) | 1.23 (1.21–1.25) | 1.26 (1.24–1.28) | <.0001 |
Diabetic Men | 1.11 (1.03–1.19) | 1.05 (0.98–1.11) | 1.15 (1.08–1.21) | 1.13 (1.07–1.18) | 1.12 (1.07–1.16) | 0.0388 |
Non-diabetic Women | 1.45 (1.42–1.47) | 1.47 (1.44–1.5) | 1.56 (1.54–1.59) | 1.51 (1.49–1.54) | 1.53 (1.51–1.55) | <.0001 |
Diabetic Women | 1.25 (1.19–1.31) | 1.25 (1.21–1.3) | 1.36 (1.28–1.43) | 1.27 (1.19–1.34) | 1.22 (1.18–1.26) | 0.8459 |
Non- HDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) | ||||||
Non-diabetic Men | 4.04 (3.99–4.09) | 3.89 (3.84–3.94) | 3.88 (3.84–3.92) | 3.8 (3.75–3.84) | 3.64 (3.6–3.69) | <.0001 |
Diabetic Men | 4.12 (3.69–4.55) | 4.01 (3.79–4.23) | 4.06 (3.85–4.27) | 3.65 (3.46–3.84) | 3.58 (3.37–3.79) | <.0001 |
Non-diabetic Women | 3.86 (3.81–3.91) | 3.68 (3.63–3.74) | 3.72 (3.67–3.77) | 3.64 (3.6–3.68) | 3.55 (3.51–3.59) | <.0001 |
Diabetic Women | 4.27 (4.09–4.45) | 4.06 (3.85–4.27) | 3.85 (3.63–4.06) | 3.93 (3.72–4.14) | 3.72 (3.6–3.85) | <.0001 |
Triglycerides (mmol/l) d | ||||||
Non-diabetic Men | 1.52 (1.45–1.58) | 1.45 (1.37–1.53) | 1.36 (1.31–1.42) | 1.38 (1.33–1.42) | 1.41 (1.36–1.46) | 0.0123 |
Diabetic Men | 1.93 (1.67–2.19) | 1.87 (1.66–2.07) | 1.67 (1.49–1.86) | 1.57 (1.32–1.82) | 1.74 (1.51–1.98) | 0.0034 |
Non-diabetic Women | 1.33 (1.28–1.37) | 1.32 (1.28–1.36) | 1.23 (1.19–1.26) | 1.23 (1.18–1.27) | 1.22 (1.18–1.27) | <.0001 |
Diabetic Women | 1.81 (1.76–1.86) | 1.64 (1.39–1.9) | 1.78 (1.43–2.13) | 1.79 (1.55–2.04) | 1.83 (1.66–2.01) | 0.2453 |
LDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) d | ||||||
Non-diabetic Men | 3.39 (3.34–3.44) | 3.28 (3.2–3.35) | 3.04 (2.98–3.09) | 3.04 (3–3.09) | 2.97 (2.91–3.02) | <.0001 |
Diabetic Men | 3.45 (3.25–3.66) | 3.13 (2.86–3.4) | 2.81 (2.6–3.02) | 2.68 (2.48–2.89) | 2.58 (2.35–2.81) | <.0001 |
Non-diabetic Women | 3.24 (3.18–3.31) | 3.13 (3.07–3.18) | 2.98 (2.93–3.04) | 3 (2.95–3.06) | 2.97 (2.93–3.02) | <.0001 |
Diabetic Women | 3.31 (3.23–3.39) | 3.02 (2.87–3.17) | 2.99 (2.73–3.25) | 2.99 (2.72–3.26) | 2.9 (2.74–3.06) | <.0001 |