Bidirectional associations between psychosocial well-being and adherence to healthy dietary guidelines in European children: prospective findings from the IDEFICS study

Table 1 Descriptive characteristics at baseline and follow-up in the complete sample (N = 7675)

	Baseline 2007/2008			Follow-up 2009/2010
	mean ± SD	min., max.	IQR	mean ± SD	min., max.	IQR
Age (years)	6.0 (1.8)	2.0;9.7	4.4;7.6	8.0 (1.8)	3.9;11.8	6.4;9.5
BMI z-score¹	0.3 (1.2)	−5.4;5.8	−0.5;1.0	0.4 (1.2)	−6.6;4.7	−0.4;1.2
Self-esteem score (KINDL®)	89.4 (10.4)	25.0;100.0	81.3;100.0	87.0 (10.7)	25.0;100.0	81.3;93.8
Parent relations score (KINDL®)	84.8 (10.2)	43.8;100.0	75.0;93.8	83.9 (10.5)	25.0;100.0	75.0;93.8
Emotional problems score (SDQ)	1.6 (1.7)	0.0;10.0	0.0;2.0	1.6 (1.7)	0.0;10.0	0.0;2.0
Peer problems score (SDQ)	1.3 (1.5)	0.0;10.0	0.0;2.0	1.2 (1.5)	0.0;10.0	0.0;2.0
HDAS	22.0 (9.0)	0.0;49.0	16.0;28.0	23.0 (9.0)	0.0;49.0	17.0;28.0
	n	%		n	%
Sex of the child (male)	3894	51		3894	51
Overweight (including obese)	1385	18		1727	23
Higher parental education level²	4480	59		4572	60
Higher parental income level³	3738	52		4259	60
Indicators of well-being
Better self-esteem (KINDL®)^Δ	4086	53		4702	61
Good parent relations (KINDL®)^Δ	3914	51		3824	50
No detectable emotional problems (SDQ)^Λ	6625	86		6620	86
No detectable peer problems (SDQ)^Λ	6194	81		6349	83
Healthy Dietary Adherence Score
Total HDAS (higher adherence)†	4017	52		3970	52
HDAS components (higher adherence)
fruits & vegetables	4983	65		4993	65
fish	5383	71		5315	70
whole meal	4011	52		4217	56
sugar	1642	21		1868	24
fat	4846	63		4196	55

¹BMI z-score calculated based on the method proposed by the International Obesity Task Force [29]
²Post-secondary education
³Country-specific reference to the average net equivalence income, considering the median income and poverty line
^ΔCut-off values for Better self-esteem ≥ 87.50 (both sexes) and Good parent relations > 83.58(m)/84.40(f)
^ΛCut-off values for No detectable emotional problems ≤ 3 and No detectable peer problems ≤ 2
^†Cut-off value for Higher adherence to the HDAS ≥ 21 at baseline and ≥ 22 at follow-up
IQR Interquartile Range; SD standard deviation; SDQ Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire; HDAS Healthy Dietary Adherence Score

ISSN: 1471-2458