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Table 3 Sociodemographic, Social & Environmental Characteristics of Adolescents associated with SLT and/or BQ Use (n = 2140)

From: Individual, social and environmental determinants of smokeless tobacco and betel quid use amongst adolescents of Karachi: a school-based cross-sectional survey

SLT and/or BQ Users

 

OR (95% CI)

p-value

aOR (95% CI)

p-value

Characteristics

Individual characteristics

 Age

  11–12 Years

1

 

1

 

   > 12 Years

1.32 (1.10–1.58)

0.003

1.00 (0.80–1.25)

0.991

 Gender

  Female

1

 

1

 

  Male

1.43 (1.20–1.70)

< 0.001

1.38 (1.05–1.83)

0.020

 School

  Private

1

 

1

 

  Government

1.59 (1.33–1.89)

< 0.001

2.06 (1.49–2.85)

< 0.001

 Father’s Education

  No formal education

1

 

1

 

  Primary

1.38 (1.06–1.80)

0.017

0.96 (0.68–1.36)

0.860

  Secondary

0.94 (0.76–1.17)

0.609

0.86 (0.65–1.14)

0.314

  Higher Education

0.59 (0.46–0.77)

< 0.001

0.96 (0.68–1.34)

0.816

 Mother’s Education

  No formal education

1

 

1

 

  Primary

1.01 (0.79–1.29)

0.915

1.01 (0.73–1.39)

0.927

  Secondary

0.80 (0.65–0.98)

0.038

0.93 (0.71–1.22)

0.614

  Higher Education

0.52 (0.39–0.69)

< 0.001

0.89 (0.61–1.30)

0.897

 Parent’s Occupation

  Neither works

1

 

1

 

  Only father works

1.02 (0.65–1.59)

0.929

1.15 (0.72–1.84)

0.540

  Only mother works

0.93 (0.72–1.20)

0.595

1.22 (0.61–2.43)

0.572

  Both work

0.87 (0.52–1.46)

0.612

1.33 (0.78–2.26)

0.291

 Weekly pocket money

   < 100

1

 

1

 

  100–300

0.85 (0.61–1.20)

0.375

1.51 (1.03–2.22)

0.032

   > 300

1.39(1.14–1.70)

0.001

1.17 (0.77–1.79)

0.445

 School Type-Gender Based

  Only Girls

1

 

1

 

  Co-education

1.69 (1.34–2.15)

< 0.001

2.88 (1.89–4.40)

< 0.001

  Only Boys

1.33 (1.01–1.74)

0.038

2.00 (1.27–3.14)

0.003

Social Characteristics

 SLT and/or BQ use by peers

  None of them uses it

1

 

1

 

  Some of them use it

2.82 (2.28–3.49)

< 0.001

2.07 (1.63–2.63)

< 0.001

  Most of them use it

5.38 (4.13–7.01)

< 0.001

3.02 (2.23–4.09)

< 0.001

  All of them use it

6.79 (4.67–9.87)

< 0.001

2.68 (1.71–4.19)

< 0.001

 SLT and/or BQ use by teachers

  None of them uses it

1

 

1

 

  Some of them use it

1.19 (0.97–1.46)

0.807

1.18 (0.93–1.51)

0.157

  Most of them use it

0.97 (0.69–1.34)

0.861

0.91 (0.61–1.36)

0.676

  All of them use it

4.21 (0.43–40.64)

0.213

1.29 (0.11–14.64)

0.833

 SLT and/or BQ use by parents

  No one uses it

1

 

1

 

  any one of them uses it

2.16 (1.73–2.65)

< 0.001

1.52 (1.19–1.94)

0.001

  Both of them use it

2.50 (1.44–4.34)

0.001

1.42 (0.71–2.82)

0.314

 Use susceptibility if closest friend offers it

  Definitely Not

1

 

1

 

  Probably No

1.65 (1.24–2.20)

0.001

1.36 (0.98–1.89)

0.059

  Probably Yes

5.38 (3.84–7.53)

< 0.001

3.36 (2.30–4.90)

< 0.001

  Definitely Yes

9.08 (6.56–12.56)

< 0.001

4.47 (3.10–6.44)

< 0.001

Environmental Characteristics

 Class discussion in past 12 months regarding SLT and/or BQ use

  Yes

1

 

1

 

  No

1.41 (1.18–1.67)

< 0.001

1.25 (1.01–1.55)

0.033

  Not sure

1.19 (0.59–2.40)

0.622

1.09 (0.47–2.50)

0.831

 SLT and/or BQ available at school canteen

  No

1

 

1

 

  Yes

3.45 (2.69–4.42)

< 0.001

1.29 (0.94–1.76)

0.107

 SLT and/or BQ available outside school

  No

1

 

1

 

  Yes

5.98 (4.81–7.44)

< 0.001

3.65 (2.82–4.73)

< 0.001

  1. SLT Smokeless tobacco, BQ Betel quid, OR Odds ratio, aOR adjusted odds ratio, CI Confidence intervals, Significant results are italicized.Â