From: Couples HIV counselling and couple relationships in India, Georgia and the Dominican Republic
Dominican Republic (N = 232) | Georgia (N = 240) | India (N = 239) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | OR (95% CI) | p-value | n (%) | OR (95% CI) | p-value | n (%) | OR (95% CI) | p-value | |
Individual characteristics | |||||||||
Age (year) | 0.332 | 0.935 | 0.084 | ||||||
20–24 | 4(5.1) | 1.00 | 12(14.5) | 1.00 | 54(38.3) | 1.00 | |||
16–20 | 9(12.0) | 2.52 [0.78–9.66] | 3(13.6) | 0.93 [0.20–3.31] | 22(39.3) | 1.04 [0.55–1.96] | |||
25–29 | 3(7.1) | 1.42 [0.27–6.77] | 8(11.6) | 0.77 [0.29–2.00] | 7(20.6) | 0.49 [0.16–0.98] | |||
> =30 | 5(13.5) | 2.89 [0.72–12.35] | 10(15.2) | 1.06 [0.42–2.63] | 5(62.5) | 2.68 [0.63–13.51] | |||
Educational level | 0.999 | 0.026 | 0.890 | ||||||
Secondary | 9(9.0) | 1.00 | 4(5.7) | 1.00 | 37(38.5) | ||||
None, primary and college | 10(9.1) | 1.01 [0.39–2.65] | – | – | 40(35.4) | 0.87 [0.50–1.54] | |||
Tertiary | 2(9.1) | 1.01 [0.15–4.31] | 29(17.1) | 3.39 [1.27–11.79] | 11(36.7) | 0.92 [0.39–2.13] | |||
Previously tested for HIV | 0.685 | 0.338 | 0.422 | ||||||
Yes | 13(9.7) | 1.00 | 15(16.5) | 1.00 | 27(33.3) | 1.00 | |||
No | 8(8.2) | 0.82 [0.32–2.05] | 18(12.1) | 0.69 [0.33–1.48] | 61(38.6) | 1.26 [0.72–2.23] | |||
Perception of risk of HIV infection from her current partner | 0.884 | 0.115 | 0.478 | ||||||
No | 15(8.9) | 1.00 | 21(13.4) | 1.00 | 84(38.5) | 1.00 | |||
Yes | 4(13.3) | 1.57 [0.42–4.73] | 5(11.6) | 0.85 [0.27–2.25] | 2(28.6) | 0.64 [0.09–3.03] | |||
Doesn’t Know | 2(5.4) | 0.58 [0.09–2.19] | 7(15.2) | 1.16 [0.43–2.82] | 4(25.0) | 0.53 [0.14–1.58] | |||
Partner ever tested for HIV | 0.381 | 0.035 | 0.704 | ||||||
Yes | 10(10.4) | 1.00 | 7(31.8) | 1.00 | 6(28.6) | 1.00 | |||
No | 8(10.7) | 1.03 [0.37–2.74] | 16(10.3) | 0.24 [0.09–0.72] | 75(37.7) | 1.51 [0.59–4.39] | |||
Doesn’t Know | 3(4.9) | 0.44 [0.10–1.53] | 10(16.1) | 0.41 [0.13–1.30] | 7(36.8) | 1.46 [0.39–5.68] | |||
Partner alcohol consumption | 0.8213 | NC | 0.0948 | ||||||
Never/Occasionally | 20(8.8) | 1.00 | 33(14.1) | 1.00 | 87(38.7) | 1.00 | |||
Frequently | 1(11.1) | 1.29 [0.07–7.55] | 0(0.0) | NC | 3(18.7) | 0.37 [0.08–1.17] | |||
Couple characteristics | |||||||||
Educational level difference with partner | 0.654 | 0.004 | 0.463 | ||||||
Partner more educated than woman (<= 2 y) | 8(12.7) | 1.00 | 14(9.9) | 1.00 | 34(33.0) | 1.00 | |||
Woman more educated than partner | 7(7.8) | 0.58 [0.19–1.70] | 16(27.6) | 3.45 [1.56–7.77] | 30(42.3) | 1.48 [0.79–2.78] | |||
Partner more educated than women (> 2 y) | 3(6.3) | 0.46 [0.10–1.69] | 3(7.3) | 0.716[0.16–2.34] | 24(36.9) | 1.19 [0.62–2.27] | |||
Doesn’t know | 3(9.7) | 0.74 [0.15–2.77] | |||||||
Age difference with partner | 0.603 | 0.193 | 0.098 | ||||||
Partner older than woman (gap <5 y) | 5(6.0) | 1.00 | 13(10.8) | 1.00 | 44(35.2) | 1.00 | |||
Woman older than partner | 4(11.4) | 2.01 [0.47–8.09] | 10(22.2) | 2.35 [0.93–5.83] | 2(40.0) | 1.23 [0.16–7.67] | |||
Partner older than woman (gap >5 y) | 10(11.4) | 2.00 [0.68–6.67] | 10(13.3) | 1.26 [0.51–3.04] | 28(32.6) | 0.89 [0.49–1.58] | |||
Unknown | 2(7.7) | 1.30 [0.18–6.47] | 14(60.9) | 2.86 [1.16–7.38] | |||||
Remunerated activity within the couple | 0.767 | 0.044 | 0.391 | ||||||
Partner only | 15(9.3) | 1.00 | 13(10.6) | 1.00 | 65(34.9) | 1.00 | |||
Woman or both | 4(7.3) | 0.77 [0.21–2.23] | 16(22.5) | 2.46 [1.11–5.56] | 22(44.9) | 1.52 [0.80–2.87] | |||
None of them | 2(13.3) | 1.51 [0.22–6.18] | 4(8.7) | 0.80 [0.22–2.43] | 1(25.0) | 0.62 [0.03–4.95] | |||
Cohabitation | 0.518 | 0.471 | 0.067 | ||||||
With partner only | 18(10.1) | 1.00 | 19(16.5) | 1.00 | 35(36.1) | 1.00 | |||
Without partner | 2(6.7) | 0.63 [0.10–2.37] | 2(13.3) | 0.78 [0.12–3.13] | 2(11.1) | 0.22 [0.03–0.84] | |||
With partner and family-in-law members | 1(4.2) | 0.39 [0.02–2.02] | 12(10.9) | 0.612 [0.28–1.33] | 51(41.1) | 1.24 [0.72–2.15] | |||
Relationship duration (year) | 0.069 | 0.821 | 0.467 | ||||||
1–5 | 9(7.4) | 1.00 | 14(12.4) | 1.00 | 52(36.1) | 1.00 | |||
< 1 | 9(17.6) | 2.74 [1.01–7.47] | 12(15.6) | 1.30 [0.56–3.00] | 24(42.9) | 1.33 [0.70–2.49] | |||
> 5 | 3(5.4) | 0.71 [0.15–2.49] | 7(14.0) | 1.15 [0.41–2.98] | 12(30.8) | 0.78 [0.36–1.65] | |||
Accompanied by partner to antenatal care | 0.011 | 0.843 | <0.001 | ||||||
Yes | 11 (17.7) | 1.00 | 12(13.2) | 1.00 | 55(52.4) | 1.00 | |||
No | 10(6.1) | 0.30 [0.12–0.76] | 21(14.1) | 1.08 [0.51–2.38] | 33(24.6) | 0.30 [0.17–0.51] | |||
Planning of the current pregnancy | 0.952 | 0.975 | 0.262 | ||||||
Planned | 9(9.4) | 1.00 | 24(13.8) | 1.00 | 75(38.5) | 1.00 | |||
Not planned | 12 (9.1) | 0.97 [0.39–2.48] | 9(13.6) | 0.99 [0.41–2.19] | 13(29.5) | 0.67 [0.32–1.34] | |||
Perception of partner support during the pregnancy | 0.034 | 0.366 | 0.106 | ||||||
Very supportive | 18(12.3) | 1.00 | 15(16.3) | 1.00 | 66(40.2) | 1.00 | |||
Supportive/ not enough | 3(3.5) | 0.26 [0.73–0.90] | 18(12.2) | 0.71 [0.34–1.49] | 22(29.3) | 0.62 [0.34–1.11] | |||
Emotional or verbal abuse from partner at least once in the last month | 0.054 | 0.300 | 0.433 | ||||||
Yes | 6(5.4) | 1.00 | 11(17.7) | 1.00 | 15(31.9) | 1.00 | |||
No | 15(12.5) | 2.52 [0.98–7.30] | 22(12.4) | 0.65 [0.30–1.48] | 73(38.0) | 1.31 [0.67–2.64] | |||
Physical abuse from partner at least once in the last month | 0.334 | – | 0.342 | ||||||
Yes | 1(4.2) | 1.00 | – | – | 17(43.6) | 1.00 | |||
No | 20(9.6) | 2.44 [0.47–44.90] | – | – | 71(35.5) | 0.71 [0.36–1.44] | |||
Ever discussed about HIV in the couple | 0.410 | 0.004 | 0.788 | ||||||
On general terms | 4(7.5) | 1.00 | 19(20.7) | 1.00 | 29(34.9) | 1.00 | |||
Never | 6(6.7) | 0.88 [0.24–3.61] | 11(7.9) | 0.33 [0.14–0.72] | 50(38.8) | 1.18 [0.67–2.10] | |||
On personal terms | 11(12.2) | 1.70 [0.55–6.42] | 3(37.5) | 2.30 [0.44–10.27] | 9(33.3) | 0.93 [0.36–2.29] | |||
Condom use with partner and discussion about it | 0.134 | 0.956 | 0.523 | ||||||
Already used and discussed | 5(5.0) | 1.00 | 10(13.9) | 1.00 | 19(29.7) | 1.00 | |||
Already used but never discussed | 2(6.1) | 1.22 [0.17–6.01] | 1(16.7) | 1.24 [0.06–8.82] | 2(40.0) | 1.58 [0.20–10.27] | |||
Never used but already discussed | 6(15.8) | 3.56 [1.01–13.13] | 6(16.2) | 1.20 [0.38–3.54] | 22(36.7) | 1.37 [0.65–2.92] | |||
Never used and never discussed | 8(13.1) | 2.87 [0.91–9.91] | 16(12.8) | 0.91 [0.39–2.19] | 45(40.9) | 1.64 [0.86–3.21] |