No. of participants (No. of studies) | Design | Quality assessment | Absolute effect | Quality | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Risk of bias | Inconsistency | Indirectness | Imprecision | Other | ||||
Participant ages at time of exposure measurement ranged from ~4 mo (0.3 yr) to 3–4 years; the oldest mean age at follow-up was 5.4 years. Data were collected cross-sectionally and up to 3 years of follow-up. Motor development indicators were assessed by parent-report unless otherwise indicated; specific indicators were: age at first sitting, age at first crawling, age at first walking, locomotion/locomotor skills (assessed by a “test of gross motor development” or CHAMPS Motor Skill Protocol), motor skill development (assessed by the PDMS-2 or CHAMPS Motor Skill Protocol), motor skills (assessed by a “neurological optimality score”), object control (assessed by a “test of gross motor development”, or CHAMPS Motor Skill Protocol), and visual-motor abilities (assessed by the WRAVMA test). | ||||||||
3413 (3) | Longitudinala | Serious risk of biasb | No serious inconsistency | No serious indirectness | No serious imprecision | None | Screen-based sedentary behaviours: TV time (duration): 2/3 studies reported null associations [88, 91] 1/3 studies reported mixed unfavourable and null associations [92] Other sedentary behaviours: Time in a baby carrier/sling (duration): 1/1 studies reported null associations [91] Time in a car seat (duration): 1/1 studies reported mixed null and favourable associations [91] Time in a high chair or other chair (duration): 1/1 studies reported null associations [91] Time in a playpen (duration): 1/1 studies reported null associations [91] Time in a stroller (duration): 1/1 studies reported null associations [91] | Very lowc |
681 (4) | Cross-sectionald | Serious risk of biase | No serious inconsistency | No serious indirectness | No serious imprecision | None | Objectively measured sedentary time: Sedentary time 30-min bouts (accelerometer-derived): 1/1 studies reported null associations [40] Total sedentary time (accelerometer-derived): 1/2 studies reported null associations [40] 1/2 studies reported mixed unfavourable and null associations [37] Screen-based sedentary behaviours: TV time (duration): 1/1 studies reported unfavourable associations [94] Other sedentary behaviours: Time in supine position (duration): 1/1 studies reported mixed unfavourable and null associations [93] | Very lowf |