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Table 2 Determinants of inappropriate infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices, Madagascar 2009

From: Situation and determinants of the infant and young child feeding (IYCF) indicators in Madagascar: analysis of the 2009 Demographic and Health Survey

Variables

Late introduction of breastfeeding (after 1 h)

Not exclusive breastfeeding under 6 months

Untimely introduction of semi-solid, solid and soft foods

Diet diversity score less than 4

Not consuming iron-rich foods

Child factor

 Sex (ref. male)

1.09 (0.88–1.35)

0.75 (0.52–1.09)

1.04 (0.50–2.18)

0.91 (0.70–1.20)

1.34 (1.04–1.73)*

Maternal factors

 Age at first birth

  -19 and older

1

1

1

1

1

  -Less than 19

1.25 (1.01–1.54)*

1.59 (1.10–2.31)*

1.29 (0.60–2.76)

1.61 (1.26–2.05)***

1.41 (1.09–1.82)***

 Maternal education

  -No formal education

1

1

1

1

1

  -Primary

0.83 (0.65–1.06)

0.90 (0.58–1.38)

0.66 (0.29–1.51)

0.73 (0.52–1.02)

0.71 (0.49–1.02)

  -Secondary

0.77 (0.56–1.05)

0.69 (0.40–1.18)

0.67 (0.22–2.01)

0.21 (0.15–0.30)***

0.19 (0.13–0.27)***

  -Higher

1.23 (0.57–2.63)

4.21 (0.48–37.08)

1.92 (0.19–19.93)

0.04 (0.02–0.11)***

0.03 (0.01–0.08)***

 Media exposure

  Reading newspaper

   -Not at all

1.23 (0.57–2.70)

1.04 (0.30–3.66)

0.91 (0.11–7.86)

16.00 (6.81–37.60)***

7.61 (3.67–15.79)***

   -At least once a week

1.17 (0.51–2.68)

1.14 (0.30–4.33)

0.20 (0.01–3.66)

4.20 (1.73–10.24)**

1.89 (0.87–4.08)

   -Almost every day

1

1

1

1

1

  Listening to radio

   -Not at all

1.33 (1.04–1.70)*

1.21 (0.79–1.85)

1.69 (0.65–4.44)

2.77 (2.08–3.69)***

2.57 (1.91–3.44)***

   -At least once a week

0.98 (0.72–1.34)

0.870(0.53–1.42)

2.23 (0.67–7.151)

1.26 (0.92–1.73)

1.64 (1.16–2.31)**

   -Almost every day

1

1

1

1

1

  Watching TV

   -Not at all

1.17 (0.79–1.71)

0.94 (0.48–1.84)

1.64 (0.37–7.34)

7.44 (5.12–10.81)***

9.28 (6.36–13.54)***

   -At least once a week

0.83 (0.44–1.56)

1.02 (0.39–2.68)

1.44 (0.11–18.08)

2.71 (1.50–4.90)**

3.07 (1.68–5.59)***

   -Almost every day

1

1

1

1

1

 Work status

  -No

0.80 (0.56–1.13)

1.04 (0.62–1.74)

1.31 (0.47–3.70)

0.52 (0.36–0.74)***

0.37 (0.26–0.54)***

  -Yes

1

1

1

1

1

Household factors

 Wealth Index

  -Poorest

1

1

1

1

1

  -Poorer

0.83 (0.62–1.12)

1.28 (0.72–2.27)

1.28 (0.38–4.36)

0.95 (0.61–1.49)

1.13 (0.70–1.84)

  -Middle

0.63 (0.46–0.87)**

1.19 (0.63–2.26)

1.00 (0.26–3.78)

0.58 (0.38–0.90)*

0.639 (0.41–0.99)*

  -Richer

0.58 (0.41–0.82)**

0.81 (0.44–1.49)

1.58 (0.41–6.08)

0.36 (0.24–0.54)***

0.59 (0.37–0.93)*

  -Richest

0.78 (0.56–1.08)

0.60 (0.31–1.15)

1.97 (0.51–7.61)

0.10 (0.07–0.12)***

0.09 (0.06–0.13)***

 Area of residence

  -Urban

1

1

1

1

1

  -Rural

1.09 (0.82–1.44)

1.07 (0.67–1.72)

1.58 (0.52–4.73)

4.00 (3.01–5.32)***

5.22 (3.90–6.99) ***

  1. Results expressed as crude odds ratios OR (95% CI)
  2. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001