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Table 4 Impact of nutrition interventions on fat intake of children

From: How effective are family-based and institutional nutrition interventions in improving children’s diet and health? A systematic review

Study

Fat results (Cohens’ d or mean differencea (95% CI)

Outcome method

Direction of assoc. Intervention vs control

Family studies

 Hendrie 2011

Total fat Mean diff = −10.9 g/day (−19.3, −2.5), Saturated fat Mean diff = −8.1 g/day (−11.9 to −4.3)

24 h recall ×3

+

 Kaitosaari 2006 STRIP study

Total fat Boys d = −0.24 (−0.68, 0.20);

Girls d = −0.78 (−1.22,-0.34)

Saturated fat Boys d = −0.79 (−1.22,-0.34);

Girls d = −1.17 (−1.63, −0.71)

Polyunsaturated fat Boys d = 0.55 (0.10, 0.99); Girls d = 0.62 (0.19, 1.06)

4 day food record

+

 Raitakari 2005

Saturated fat Girls age 11 d = −0.46 (−0.76, −0.17) Boys d = −0.95 (−1.25, −0.64)

4 day food record

+

 Olvera 2008, 2010

Reduced intake of high fat foods d = 0.39 (−0.28, 1.06)

FFQ

+

 Stolley 1997

Saturated fat d = 0.39 (−0.17, 0.95)

Fat % of Total energy d = 0.54 (−0.02, 1.11)

FFQ

+

School studies with no parent component

 Andersen 2014

Total fat d = 0.00 (−0.11,0.10),

Saturated fat d = 0.00 (−0.11, 0.10),

Monounsaturated fat d = 0.00 (−0.11,0.10) Polyunsaturated fat d = 0.00 (−0.10,0.10)

Trans fatty acid d = 0.00 (−0.10,0.10)

7 day food diary

 Christian 2014

Total fat intake d = 0.02 (−0.13, 0.18)

24 h recall

 Crepinsek 2006

Total fat d = −0.11(−0.17, −0.04)

Saturated fat Mean diff = −0.20% (% of total energy)

24 h recall

+

School studies with parent component

 Anderson 2005

Fat as % energy Mean diff = −0.1%

3 day food diary

 Caballero 2003

 Pathways study

Total Fat Mean diff = −2.5% (−3.9,-1.1)

Total fat at lunch Mean diff = −4.2% (−7.1,-1.3) (% of total energy)

Direct observation, 24 h recall

+

 Cohen 2014

Energy from saturated fat d = −0.02 (−0.21, 0.17)

24 h recall, Modified FFQ

 Evans 2012

Total fat Mean diff = 1.2 g/day (−2.8,5.1), Saturated fat Mean diff = 0.0 g/day (−1.5,1.5)

24 h recall

 Greening 2011

Reduced dietary fat d = 0.33 (0.15, 0.52)

Child dietary fat questionnaire

+

 Hopper 1996

Saturated fat Mean diff = −0.63 g/day (p > 0.05)

24 h recall

+

 Kristjansdottir 2010

Total fat (g/day) d = 0.18 (−0.2,0.56)

Saturated Fat d = 0.04 (−0.34, 0.42)

Monounsaturated fat d = 0.35 (−0.04, 0.73)

PUFA d = 0.03 (−0.35, 0.41)

3 day weighed food record

+/−

 Leupker 1996

Fat as % energy d=-0.23 (-0.35, -0.11)

Monounsaturated fat d= -0.15 (-0.26, 0.03)

Saturated fat d=-0.20 (-0.32, -0.09)

Polyunsaturated fat d=- 0.16, (-0.28, 0.045)

(All % Total energy)

24 h recall

+

  1. ad = Cohen’s d where data available otherwise mean difference presented