Table 3 Impact of nutrition interventions on children’s fruit and vegetable intake
Study | F&V resultsa (95% CI) | Outcome method | Direction of assoc. Intervention vs control |
|---|---|---|---|
Family studies | |||
Baranowski 2003 | Fruit & Veg (including juice) intake d = 1.3 (0.55, 2.11) | 24-h recall ×2 | + |
Cameron 2014 | Fruit intake d = 0.06 Veg intake d = 0.05 | 24-h recall ×3 | – |
Epstein 2001 | F&V intake d = 1.05 (0.23–1.87) (↑ F&V group cf. ↓Fat/Sugar group) | FFQ | +/− |
Olvera 2008, 2010 | F&V d = 0.34 | SPAN questionnaire | + |
Tabak 2012 | V intake d = 0.24 (−0.35, 0.84) | FFQ | – |
Preschool/School studies with no parent component | |||
Bere 2006a | F&V intake (1 yr) d = 0.21 (0.04, 0.39) F&V intake (2 yrs) d = 0.19 (0.02, 0.37) | 24-h recall | + |
Breslin 2012 | Veg intake d = 0.17 (−0.03, 0.36) Fruit intake d = 0.0 (−0.19, 0.19) | FFQ | – |
Christian 2014 | F&V intake d = −0.2 (−0.3, 0.0) Veg intake d = −0.1 (−0.2, 0.1) Fruit intake d = −0.1 (−0.3, 0.0) | 24-h recall | – |
Hardy 2010 | Fruit in lunch d = −0.11 (−0.40, 0.18) Veg in lunch d = 0.20 (−0.09, 0.48) | Lunchbox audit | – |
Hendy 2011 | F or V eaten first d = 0.61 (0.36, 0.81) | Direct observation | + |
Perrikou 2013 | Fruit intake d = 1.43 (1.05, 1.79) Exposure d = 1.41 (1.05, 1.77) Education at 1 year | 2 day food record (parent) | + |
Perry 2004 | Fruit intake d = 0.09 Fruit (no juice) d = 0.12 | Direct observation | + |
Preschool/School studies with parent component | |||
Anderson 2005 | Fruit intake d = 0.48 (0.13, 0.83) F&V d = 0.04 (−0.30, 0.39) | 3 day food record (self-report) | +/− |
Baranowski 2000 | F&V intake Mean difference 0.2 serves/day (1 yr), 0.2 Serves/day (2 yrs) | 7 day food record | + |
Bayer 2009 | Fruit intake d = 0.14, Veg. intake d = 0.13 | FFQ | + |
Bere 2006b | F&V intake (1 yr) d = 0.03(−0.17, 0.23) F&V intake (2 yrs) d = −0.1(−0.29, 0.12) | 24-h recall | – |
Cohen 2014 | F&V intake/1000 kcal d = 0.1 F intake/1000 kcal d = 0.1 V intake/1000 kcal d = 0.1 | 24-h recall/FFQ | – |
De Bock 2012 | Change in Fruit intake d = 0.38 (0.18, 0.59) Change in Veg intake 0.33 (0.12, 0.53) | Short questions | + |
Evans 2012 | F&V intake d = 0.01 (−0.14, 0.16) | 24-h recall | – |
Hoffman 2010 | Fruit intake 1 yr. d = 0.86, 2 yrs. d = 0.55, Veg intake 1 yr. d = 0.34, 2 yrs. No difference (at school) | Direct measurement | +/− |
Hopper 1996 | Change in F&V serves d = 0.40 (0.00, 0.80) (at school) | Direct observation & measurement | + |
Horne 2009 | F&V consumed at lunch at 1 yr. d = 0.35 (0.16, 0.54) | Direct observation & measurement | + |
Kristjansdottir 2010 | F&V intake d = 0.92 (0.52, 1.32) | 3 day weighed food diary | + |
Muth 2008 | F&V Mean difference + 0.85 serves/day | SPAN questionnaire (child) | + |
Vereecken 2009 | Fruit intake d = 0.19 (0.00, 0.38) Veg intake d = 0.08 (−0.11, 0.27) Fruit intake (at school) d = 0.10 (−0.02, 0.22) | FFQ (parent) Audit (teacher) | +/− |