Table 1 Characteristics of included studies
Study, Location | Setting, Disadvantaged population (if indicated) | Interventions | Participants age during intervention | Sample size | Sample size at follow-up | Duration of intervention | Follow-up duration post-intervention | Health & Nutrition Outcomes | Potential risk of bias ratinga |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Andersen 2014 [40] Damsgaard 2014 [83] OPUS school meal study Denmark | School | School meals (free) | Years 3 & 4 Mean age 10 years | 834 no breakdown by I/C | 663 | 6 month crossover trial | 0 | Dietary intake (self-report) | M |
Anderson 2005 [50] Scotland | School | School multicomponent | Year 2 & Year 6 classes 6-7 years & 10-11 years | I=158 C=136 | I=64 C=65 | 9 months | 0 | Dietary intake (self-report) Attitudes & knowledge of heathy eating | W |
Baranowski 2000 [51] Gimme 5 USA | School | School multicomponent- comprehensive | Years 3-5 | 1864 no breakdown by I/C | 1253 | 2 years | 0 | Dietary intake (self-report) F&V preferences, Self-efficacy | S |
Baranowski 2003 [74] GEMS Fun, Food and Fitness USA | Family | Summer camp/ Internet F/U for family | 8 years | I=19 C=16 | I=17, C=14 | 3 months | <1mth | Dietary intake (self-report), BMI, PA levels (accelerometry, self-report) | M |
Bayer 2009 [64] Tigerkids Germany | Preschool | Preschool -multicomponent | Preschool Mean age 6 years | I=1049 C=560, I2=1040 C2=565 | I= 850, C=469; I2=872 C2=468 | 2 years | 0 | Dietary intake (Parent-report), BMI | S |
Bere 2006a,2007, 2010 [45, 85, 88] Free School Fruit Norway | School | School-Free Fruit & multicomponent | Year 6/7 Mean age 11.3 years | 577 no breakdown by IC | I=286 C= 231 | 2 years (only 1 year free fruit) | 1 year, 3years | Dietary intake (self-report), F&V preferences | S |
Bere 2006b [52] F&V Makes the Marks Norway | School | School- Paid fruit & multicomponent | Years 6/7 Mean age 11.3 years | 450 no breakdown by I/C | I=190 C=179 | 1 year | 1 year | Dietary intake (self-report), F&V accessibility, preferences, modelling | S |
Breslin 2012 [70] Sport For Life Northern Ireland | School Low SES schools | School multicomponent | Year 3 8-9 years | I=209 C=207 | ? | 3 months | 1 month | Dietary intake (self-report), BMI, PA levels & Screen-time (accelerometry, self-report) | S |
Caballero 2003 [53] Davis 2003 [94], Himes 2003 [95] Pathways study USA | School Native American community schools | School multicomponent | Year 3 Mean age 7.6 years | I=879 C=825 | I=727, C= 682 | 3 years | 0 | Dietary intake (self-report, direct observation), BMI, PA levels (accelerometry, self-report) | S |
Cameron 2014 [75] Campbell 2013 [96] Melbourne InFANT Australia | Family | Parent groups | Mother-infant pairs Infants 4-15 months | I=271 C=271 | I= 241 C=239 | 18 months | 0 | Dietary intake (parent report), BMI, PA levels & Screen-time (accelerometry) | S |
Christian 2014 [44] England | School | School gardening | Primary school ages 7-11 | I=529 C=727 | I=312 C=329 | 2 years | 0 | Dietary intake (observer & parent-report) | W |
Cohen 2014 [54] CHANGE study USA | School Low income rural community | School multicomponent | Primary school Years 1-6 | 1302 no breakdown by I/C | I=251 C=181 | 2 years | 0 | Dietary intake (Assisted self-report) | M |
Crepinsek 2006 [42] Universal Free School Breakfast Program USA | School | Free school breakfast program | Primary School Years 2-6 | 4358 no breakdown by I/C | I=2212 C=2066 | 3 years- Evaluation done at 12 months | 0 | Dietary intake (parent & self-report) | S |
De Bock 2012 [65] Germany | Preschool | Preschool -multicomponent | Preschool Mean age 4.3 years | I=194 C=183 | 202 No breakdown by IC | 6 months | 6 months | Dietary intake (parent report), BMI | W |
Epstein 2001 [20] USA | Family | Family - Parent sessions | 30 families- 1 parent & 1 child Mean age 8.7 years | I=15 I2=15 | 27 No breakdown by IC | 6 months | 6 months | Dietary intake (parent & self-report), BMI | M |
Evans 2013 [55] Project Tomato England | School | School multicomponent | Year 3 (7-8yrs) | I=530 C=550 | I=331 C=347 | 10 months | 10months | Dietary intake (observer & parent-report) | S |
Greening 2011 [56] TEAM Mississippi Project USA | School Low SES rural community | School/Family | 6-10 years Mean age 8.3 years | I=224 C=283 | I=204 C=246 | 8 months | 0 | Dietary intake (parent-report), Fitness & PA levels | S |
Hardy 2010 [73] Munch & Move Australia | Preschool | Preschool -multicomponent | Mean age 4.5yrs | I=263 C=167 | I=218 C=141 | 5 months | 0 | Lunch foods (Measurement), Movement skills | M |
Hendrie 2011 [76] Hendrie 2013 [97] Australia | Family | Family - Parent sessions | 4-13 year old children Mean age 8.6yrs | I=76 C=69 | I=76 C=64 | 3 months | 3 months | Dietary intake (parent & self-report), BMI, Plasma lipids | M |
Hendy 2011 [46] Kid’s Choice Program USA | School | School rewards program (Lunch) | Years 1-4 | 457 Both groups | 382 both groups | 3 months | 0 | Dietary intake (observation), BMI, PA levels (Pedometery) | S |
Hoffman 2010 [57] USA | School Low SES urban community | School multicomponent | Kinder, Year 1 Mean age 6.2 years | I=149 C=148 | I=113 C=97 | 6 months | 1 year | Dietary intake (observation), BMI, F&V preferences | W |
Hopper 1996 [69] USA | School | School multicomponent | Year 2 & 4 Mean age 8.9 years | I=48 C=49 | I=48 C=49 | 12 weeks | 0 | Dietary intake (Assisted self & parent-report),BMI | M |
Horne 2009 [58] Food Dudes Ireland | School | School multicomponent | 4-11 years | I=228 C=207 | ? | 12 months | 0 | Dietary intake (observation) | M |
Kristjansdottir 2010 [59] Iceland | School | School multicomponent | 7-9 years | 265 No breakdown by I/C | I=58 C=48 | 2 years | 0 | Dietary intake (Parent report & measurement) | W |
Luepker 1996 [60], Dwyer 2002 [84] CATCH USA | School | School food service changes, curriculum and home program | Year 3 initially 8 to 11 years | 5106 | 4019 (1532 at 3 years post intervention) | 3 years | 3 years | BP, BMI/skin fold thickness, serum lipids and Apolipoprotein B, dietary intake (self-report), PA/screen time (self-report), fitness (9 minute run) | S |
Llargues 2011 [61] Avall Study Spain | School | School based curriculum multicomponent, plus home | Year 1 5-7 years | 598, I=272 C=237 | I=272, C=236 | 2 years | 0 | BMI, dietary intake (parent-report), PA/screen time (parent-report) | S |
Murphy 2011 [82] Welsh Primary School Free Breakfast Initiative Wales | School | Free school breakfast program | 9 to 11 years | RCT trial with repeated X sectional design | 1975 had at least baseline and one follow up | 12months | 0 | Dietary intake (Self-report), Classroom cognitive tests, Attitudes towards breakfast (Self-report), Strengths & Difficulties questionnaire (teacher-report) | W |
Muth 2008 [62] IMPACT USA | School | School curriculum based | Year 4 Mean age 9.9 years | I=38 C=37 | I=37 C=36 | 3 months plus student leader training | 0 | Dietary intake (Self -report), PA/sedentary behaviour/screen time (Self -report) | S |
Healthy Caregivers, Healthy children USA | Preschool | Pre-school multicomponent, environmental and family | 2 to 5 years | I=726 C=379 | I=238 C=69 | 2 years | 0 | Dietary intake (parent-report), sedentary behaviour (parent-report) | W |
Natale 2014 [67] Healthy Inside-Healthy Outside (HI-HO) USA | Preschool | Pre-school multicomponent plus home | 2 to 5 years | I=238, C=69 dyads | 185 dyads | 6 months | 6 months | Dietary intake (parent-report), BMI, PA levels and screen time (parent-report) | M |
Ni Mhurchu 2011 [43] Free school breakfast New Zealand | School | Free school breakfast program | Primary school children Mean age 9.4 years | 424 | 375 | 1 year for longest | 0 | Breakfast intake/hunger (self-report), food security (family-report) Academic achievement, school attendance (records), Strengths & Difficulties (teacher-report) | M |
Bounce program USA | Family Latino mothers/ daughters | Community-based PA and nutrition intervention | Years 3 to 6 | 46 dyads, I=26 C=20 | I=18 C=17 | 12 weeks | 0 | Dietary intake (self & parent report), BMI, PA (accelerometer, shuttle run test) exercise heart rate, peak oxygen consumption | M |
Perrikou 2013 [72] Cyprus | School | Teacher modelling (EXPO), curriculum (EDUC) two IV streams | 9 years | I1=68, I2=79, C=71 | I1=59, I2=67, C=58 | 29 weeks | 1 year | Dietary intake (observation) | M |
Perry 2004 [47] Cafeteria Power Plus Project USA | School | Cafeteria-based intervention | Years 1 & 3 | 1668, no breakdown by I/C | 1168 | 2 years | 0 | Dietary intake (parent-report), BMI | M |
Raitakari 2005 [49], Kaitosaari 2006 [48] Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project for Children (STRIP) Finland | Family | Family-based low saturated fat diet/nutrition intervention | Infants 7 months old at commencement | I=540 C=522 (families as unit) | I=179 C=190 | Ongoing FU visits | 9 years & 11 years | Dietary intake (self & parent report), PA (self-report), endothelial function (brachial artery ultrasound), BP, BMI, lipids, glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, Apolipoprotein A, Apolipoprotein B | W |
Rush, 2012 [63] Project Energize New Zealand | School | School based nutrition and PA change agent mediated | Primary school children Years 1 -6 | I=692 C=660 | 1352 (~30% lost to follow up, analysis restricted to matched groups) | 2 years | 0 | BP, BMI, % body fat (bioelectrical impedance) | M |
Stolley 1997 [78] USA | Family Low income African American families | Community-based PA and nutrition IV | 7-12 year olds | Pairs I=32, C=33 | I=23 daughters & 20 mums C=27 daughters &18 mums | 12 weeks | 0 | BMI, dietary intake (self-report) | M |
Tabak 2012 [79] Family Ties to Health Program USA | Family | Family - Phone calls and newsletters | Preschool-aged children 2-5 years | I=25 C=23 | I=22 C=21 | 4 months | 0 | Dietary intake (parent report) | W |
Vereecken 2009 [68] Beastly Healthy at School Belgium | Preschool | Pre-school multicomponent | Preschool children 2.5 to 5 years | I=742 kids C=480 | I=618 kids C=445 | 12 weeks | 6 months | Dietary intake (observation and parent-report) | S |