Table 3 Associated factors of disability among adult 18 years and above in Malaysia (n = 19,916)
Variables | Prevalence (95% CI) | Crude OR (95% CI) | Wald | Adjusted ORa (95% CI) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Locality | Urban | 10.81 (10.03,11.64) | R | |||
Rural | 15.08 (13.77, 16.49) | 1.42 (1.31, 1.53) | ||||
Sex | Male | 10.78 (9.97, 11.66) | R | |||
Female | 12.93 (12.07, 13.84) | 1.13 (1.05, 1.23) | ||||
Age-group (years) | 18–30 | 4.21 (3.55, 4.99) | R | |||
31–40 | 5.31 (4.50, 6.26) | 1.38 (1.13, 1.68) | 12.34 | 1.72 (1.27, 2.32) | <0.001 | |
41–50 | 10.07 (8.84, 11.46) | 2.68 (2.49, 3.20) | 60.58 | 3.26 (2.42, 4.38) | <0.001 | |
51–60 | 19.24 (17.35, 21.28) | 5.62 (4.77, 6.61) | 152.34 | 6.39 (4.76, 8.58) | <0.001 | |
≥61 | 41.00 (38.57, 43.47) | 16.04 (13.75, 18.72) | 269.20 | 12.86 (9.48, 17.45) | <0.001 | |
Ethnicity | Malay | 10.82 (10.01, 11.69) | R | R | ||
Chinese | 12.59 (11.30, 14.01) | 1.26 (1.13, 1.41) | 0.02 | 0.99(0.81, 1.19) | 0.88 | |
Indian | 11.70 (9.80, 13.91) | 1.05 (0.89, 1.23) | 0.14 | 0.95 (0.73, 1.24) | 0.71 | |
Other Bumiputera | 17.95 (15.54, 20.65) | 2.51 (2.01, 3.13) | 74.15 | 2.55 (2.06, 3.16) | <0.001 | |
Others | 8.45(6.34, 11.18) | 0.71 (0.59, 0.87) | 2.94 | 1.35 (0.96, 1.90) | 0.09 | |
Marital status | Single | 6.48 (5.59, 7.51) | R | R | ||
Married | 11.75 (10.92, 12.62) | 2.03 (1.79, 2.31) | 10.69 | 0.65 (0.50, 0.84) | 0.001 | |
Widow/Widower | 33.99 (31.15, 36.96) | 7.01 (6.03, 8.16) | 1.02 | 0.85 (0.62, 1.17) | 0.31 | |
Household income | Poorest 20% | 23.62 (21.38, 26.02) | 3.54 (3.12, 4.02) | |||
Poor 20% | 14.67 (13.16, 16.33) | 1.93 (1.70, 2.19) | ||||
Middle income | 9.81 (8.68, 11.05) | 1.34 (1.18, 1.53) | ||||
Rich 20% | 9.21 (8.09, 10.47) | 1.24 (1.08, 1.42) | ||||
Richest 20% | 8.82 (7.82, 9.94) | R | ||||
Education level | No formal education | 31.76 (28.18, 35.57) | 11.41 (9.60, 13.56) | 34.69 | 2.75 (1.97, 3.86) | <0.001 |
Completed Primary Education | 22.52 (20.89, 24.23) | 6.71 (5.75, 7.83) | 42.54 | 2.10 (1.68, 2.62) | <0.001 | |
Completed Secondary Education | 8.20 (7.46, 9.02) | 1.98 (1.69, 2.32) | 6.37 | 1.29 (1.06, 1.58) | 0.01 | |
Completed Tertiary Education | 4.34 (3.66, 5.14) | R | R | |||
Diabetes mellitus | Yes | 20.57(18.9, 22.3) | 2.22 (2.03, 2.42) | |||
No | 9.98 (9.32, 10.67) | |||||
Hypertension | Yes | 21.05 (19.7, 22.5) | 2.89 (2.66, 3.13) | |||
No | 7.82 (7.22, 8.48) | |||||
Hypercholesterolemia | Yes | 14.03 (13.1, 15.0) | 1.36 (1.25, 1.47) | |||
No | 9.82 (9.07, 10.63) | |||||
Body mass index | Normal | 10.18 (9.34, 11.09) | R | R | ||
Underweight | 10.03 (8.09, 12.38) | 1.02 (0.85, 1.24) | 0.01 | 0.98 (0.69, 1.40) | 0.92 | |
Overweight | 11.74(10.65, 12.92) | 1.07 (0.97, 1.18) | 0.12 | 1.03 (0.88, 1.21) | 0.73 | |
Obese | 12.19(10.88, 13.65) | 1.10 (0.98, 1.24) | 15.65 | 1.42 (1.20, 1.70) | <0.001 | |
Mental health problems | Yes | 9.99(8.75, 11.39) | 1.52 (1.34, 1.73) | 50.78 | 1.68 (1.46, 1.94) | <0.001 |
No | 7.03 (6.35, 7.78) | R | ||||
Physical inactivity | Yes | 17.77 (16.52, 19.08) | 2.49 (2.29, 2.70) | 24.38 | 1.43 (1.24, 1.64) | <0.001 |
No | 8.91 (8.20, 9.67) | R | ||||
Current smoker | Yes | 8.38(7.38, 9.49) | 0.67 (0.60, 0.75) | |||
No | 12.92 (12.16, 13.71) | |||||
Current drinker | Yes | 8.19(6.46, 10.32) | 0.65 (0.53, 0.80) | |||
No | 12.16 (11.44, 12.91) |