Step 1-Unadjusted | Step 2-Structural | Step 3-Intermediary | Step 4-Full | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Diabetes with CVDs comorbidity | OR | (95% CI) | OR | (95% CI) | OR | (95% CI) | OR | (95% CI) |
Age | 1.09** | (1.09–1.10) | 1.1** | (1.09–1.11) | 1.09** | (1.06–1.12) | ||
Gender | ||||||||
Male | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
Female | 1.96** | (1.49–2.59) | 2.03** | (1.44–2.86) | 1.43 | (0.76–2.68) | ||
Residence | ||||||||
Urban | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
Rural | 0.68** | (0.53–0.86) | 0.59** | (0.42–0.81) | 0.44 | (0.18–1.06) | ||
Race | ||||||||
African | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
White | 1.71 | (0.85–3.42) | 0.56 | (0.26–1.23) | 1.62 | (0.54–4.84) | ||
Coloured | 1.82** | (1.45–2.29) | 1.38* | (1.01–1.89) | 1.94 | (0.92–4.11) | ||
Indian | 3.74** | (2.57–5.45) | 2.15** | (1.25–3.70) | 2.76 | (0.92–8.31) | ||
Household income | ||||||||
Low | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
Medium | 1.3 | (0.90–1.89) | 0.95 | (0.63–1.43) | 0.58 | (0.28–1.17) | ||
High | 1.07 | (0.71–1.60) | 0.73 | (0.39–1.36) | 0.27* | (0.10–0.76) | ||
Education | ||||||||
None | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
Primary | 0.91 | (0.62–1.34) | 2.4** | (1.40–4.12) | 1.17 | (0.40–3.48) | ||
Secondary | 0.30** | (0.20–0.43) | 2.32** | (1.29–4.18) | 2.55 | (0.78–8.33) | ||
Tertiary | 0.57 | (0.29–1.12) | 3.52** | (1.55–7.99) | 3.33 | (0.79–14.13) | ||
Employment | ||||||||
Unemployed | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
Informal | 1.67** | (1.21–2.30) | 0.94 | (0.62–1.43) | 0.86 | (0.30–2.48) | ||
Formal | 0.62** | (0.45–0.85) | 0.87 | (0.58–1.30) | 0.71 | (0.34–1.51) | ||
Obesity | ||||||||
Underweight | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
Normal Weight | 1.15 | (0.51–2.60) | 1.40 | (0.29–6.73) | 1.17 | (0.17–7.87) | ||
Overweight | 3.62** | (1.68–7.80) | 5.76* | (1.30–25.61) | 3.08 | (0.49–19.23) | ||
Obese | 2.85** | (1.37–5.93) | 5.09* | (1.24–20.82) | 3.27 | (0.59–18.17) | ||
Self-rated health | ||||||||
Bad | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
Moderate | 0.52** | (0.37–0.75) | 0.23 | (0.10–0.54) | 0.33* | (0.11–0.96) | ||
Good | 0.13** | (0.09–0.19) | 0.15** | (0.07–0.36) | 0.24** | (0.08–0.68) | ||
Smoking | ||||||||
Never | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
Occasional | 0.14** | (0.05–0.40) | 0.18** | (0.06–0.52) | 0.29* | (0.10–0.88) | ||
Regular | 0.16** | (0.07–0.36) | 0.21** | (0.10–0.46) | 0.25** | (0.12–0.53) | ||
Alcohol | ||||||||
Never | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
Occasional | 0.71 | (0.49–1.02) | 0.41* | (0.20–0.83) | 0.66 | (0.30–1.41) | ||
Regular | 0.45** | (0.27–0.75) | 0.20** | (0.10–0.47) | 0.35 | (0.11–1.10) | ||
Physical activity | ||||||||
No | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
Yes | 0.23** | (0.14–0.37) | 0.07** | (0.02–0.27) | 0.15* | (0.03–0.68) |