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Table 3 Logistic regression analyses of factors associated with diabetes-CVD comorbidity, no diabetes or CVD is the reference category

From: The extent and determinants of diabetes and cardiovascular disease comorbidity in South Africa – results from the South African National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (SANHANES-1)

 

Step 1-Unadjusted

Step 2-Structural

Step 3-Intermediary

Step 4-Full

Diabetes with CVDs comorbidity

OR

(95% CI)

OR

(95% CI)

OR

(95% CI)

OR

(95% CI)

Age

1.09**

(1.09–1.10)

1.1**

(1.09–1.11)

  

1.09**

(1.06–1.12)

Gender

 Male

1

 

1

   

1

 

 Female

1.96**

(1.49–2.59)

2.03**

(1.44–2.86)

  

1.43

(0.76–2.68)

Residence

 Urban

1

 

1

   

1

 

 Rural

0.68**

(0.53–0.86)

0.59**

(0.42–0.81)

  

0.44

(0.18–1.06)

Race

 African

1

 

1

   

1

 

 White

1.71

(0.85–3.42)

0.56

(0.26–1.23)

  

1.62

(0.54–4.84)

 Coloured

1.82**

(1.45–2.29)

1.38*

(1.01–1.89)

  

1.94

(0.92–4.11)

 Indian

3.74**

(2.57–5.45)

2.15**

(1.25–3.70)

  

2.76

(0.92–8.31)

Household income

 Low

1

 

1

   

1

 

 Medium

1.3

(0.90–1.89)

0.95

(0.63–1.43)

  

0.58

(0.28–1.17)

 High

1.07

(0.71–1.60)

0.73

(0.39–1.36)

  

0.27*

(0.10–0.76)

Education

 None

1

 

1

   

1

 

 Primary

0.91

(0.62–1.34)

2.4**

(1.40–4.12)

  

1.17

(0.40–3.48)

 Secondary

0.30**

(0.20–0.43)

2.32**

(1.29–4.18)

  

2.55

(0.78–8.33)

 Tertiary

0.57

(0.29–1.12)

3.52**

(1.55–7.99)

  

3.33

(0.79–14.13)

Employment

 Unemployed

1

 

1

   

1

 

 Informal

1.67**

(1.21–2.30)

0.94

(0.62–1.43)

  

0.86

(0.30–2.48)

 Formal

0.62**

(0.45–0.85)

0.87

(0.58–1.30)

  

0.71

(0.34–1.51)

Obesity

 Underweight

1

   

1

 

1

 

 Normal Weight

1.15

(0.51–2.60)

  

1.40

(0.29–6.73)

1.17

(0.17–7.87)

 Overweight

3.62**

(1.68–7.80)

  

5.76*

(1.30–25.61)

3.08

(0.49–19.23)

 Obese

2.85**

(1.37–5.93)

  

5.09*

(1.24–20.82)

3.27

(0.59–18.17)

 Self-rated health

        

 Bad

1

   

1

 

1

 

 Moderate

0.52**

(0.37–0.75)

  

0.23

(0.10–0.54)

0.33*

(0.11–0.96)

 Good

0.13**

(0.09–0.19)

  

0.15**

(0.07–0.36)

0.24**

(0.08–0.68)

Smoking

 Never

1

   

1

 

1

 

 Occasional

0.14**

(0.05–0.40)

  

0.18**

(0.06–0.52)

0.29*

(0.10–0.88)

 Regular

0.16**

(0.07–0.36)

  

0.21**

(0.10–0.46)

0.25**

(0.12–0.53)

Alcohol

 Never

1

   

1

 

1

 

 Occasional

0.71

(0.49–1.02)

  

0.41*

(0.20–0.83)

0.66

(0.30–1.41)

 Regular

0.45**

(0.27–0.75)

  

0.20**

(0.10–0.47)

0.35

(0.11–1.10)

Physical activity

 No

1

   

1

 

1

 

 Yes

0.23**

(0.14–0.37)

  

0.07**

(0.02–0.27)

0.15*

(0.03–0.68)

  1. **p < 0.001; *p < 0.05; OR Odds Ratio; 95% CI Confidence Interval, CVD Cardiovascular disease