| |
Step 1-Unadjusted
|
Step 2-Structural
|
Step 3-Intermediary
|
Step 4-Full
|
|---|
|
Diabetes Only
|
OR
|
(95% CI)
|
OR
|
(95% CI)
|
OR
|
(95% CI)
|
OR
|
(95% CI)
|
|---|
|
Age
|
1.06**
|
(1.05–1.07)
|
1.06**
|
(1.04–1.07)
| | |
1.06**
|
(1.03–1.08)
|
|
Gender
|
|
Male
|
1
| |
1
| | | |
1
| |
|
Female
|
1.22
|
(0.81–1.85)
|
1.07
|
(0.63–1.83)
| | |
0.8
|
(0.34–1.84)
|
|
Residence
|
|
Urban
|
1
| |
1
| | | |
1
| |
|
Rural
|
0.88
|
(0.61–1.27)
|
0.98
|
(0.63–1.53)
| | |
1
|
(0.32–3.00)
|
|
Race
|
|
African
|
1
| |
1
| | | |
1
| |
|
White
|
2.05
|
(0.92–4.60)
|
1.29
|
(0.45–3.66)
| | |
1.05
|
(0.20–5.36)
|
|
Coloured
|
1.68**
|
(1.13–2.50)
|
1.61
|
(0.99–2.62)
| | |
1.58
|
(0.64–3.95)
|
|
Indian
|
3.65**
|
(2.09–6.36)
|
2.93**
|
(1.57–5.49)
| | |
3.49*
|
(1.11–10.96)
|
|
Household income
|
|
Low
|
1
| |
1
| | | |
1
| |
|
Medium
|
0.99
|
(0.66–1.51)
|
0.73
|
(0.46–1.15)
| | |
0.93
|
(0.36–2.40)
|
|
High
|
1.19
|
(0.71–2.02)
|
0.78
|
(0.45–1.35)
| | |
0.47
|
(0.16–1.32)
|
|
Education
|
|
None
|
1
| |
1
| | | |
1
| |
|
Primary
|
0.97
|
(0.51–1.83)
|
1.76
|
(0.87–3.53)
| | |
1.91
|
(0.36–10.14)
|
|
Secondary
|
0.70
|
(0.38–1.27)
|
2.39**
|
(1.18–4.84)
| | |
4.51
|
(0.77–26.47)
|
|
Tertiary
|
0.71
|
(0.34–1.51)
|
1.65
|
(0.51–5.30)
| | |
5.57
|
(0.70–44.97)
|
|
Employment
|
|
Unemployed
|
1
| |
1
| | | |
1
| |
|
Informal
|
2.41**
|
(1.25–4.66)
|
1.41
|
(0.68–2.90)
| | |
0.79
|
(0.31–1.98)
|
|
Formal
|
0.79
|
(0.53–1.17)
|
0.71
|
(0.44–1.13)
| | |
0.90
|
(0.36–2.21)
|
|
Obesity
|
|
Underweight
|
1
| | | |
1
| | | |
|
Normal Weight
|
0.96
|
(0.30–3.10)
| | |
0.65
|
(0.13–3.39)
|
0.42
|
(0.07–2.67)
|
|
Overweight
|
2.84
|
(0.91–8.90)
| | |
2.63
|
(0.46–14.97)
|
0.90
|
(0.12–6.44)
|
|
Obese
|
1.29
|
(0.44–3.80)
| | |
0.59
|
(0.13–2.67)
|
0.35
|
(0.06–2.00)
|
|
Self-rated health
|
|
Bad
|
1
| | | |
1
| |
1
| |
|
Moderate
|
1.02
|
(0.50–2.09)
| | |
1.04
|
(0.28–3.94)
|
1.34
|
(0.32–5.49)
|
|
Good
|
0.31**
|
(0.17–0.56)
| | |
0.52
|
(0.14–1.92)
|
0.79
|
(0.17–3.60)
|
|
Smoking
|
|
Never
|
1
| | | |
1
| |
1
| |
|
Occasional
|
0.27
|
(0.04–1.84)
| | |
0.04**
|
(0.01–0.22)
|
0.03**
|
(0.00–0.26)
|
|
Regular
|
0.47
|
(0.19–1.13)
| | |
0.72
|
(0.32–1.61)
|
1.02
|
(0.40–2.65)
|
|
Alcohol
|
|
Never
|
1
| | | |
1
| |
1
| |
|
Occasional
|
1.13
|
(0.60–2.11)
| | |
0.27**
|
(0.13–0.57)
|
0.31**
|
(0.13–0.76)
|
|
Regular
|
0.11**
|
(0.04–0.33)
| | |
0.04**
|
(0.01–0.24)
|
0.05**
|
(0.01–0.36)
|
|
Physical Activity
|
|
No
|
1
| | | |
1
| |
1
| |
|
Yes
|
1.18
|
(0.55–2.53)
| | |
0.93
|
(0.35–2.46)
|
1.62
|
(0.52–5.05)
|
- **p < 0.001; *p < 0.05; OR Odds ratio; 95%; CI Confidence Interval, CVD Cardiovascular disease
