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Table 2 Logistic regression analyses of factors associated with diabetes without CVD comorbidity, no diabetes or CVD is the reference category

From: The extent and determinants of diabetes and cardiovascular disease comorbidity in South Africa – results from the South African National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (SANHANES-1)

 

Step 1-Unadjusted

Step 2-Structural

Step 3-Intermediary

Step 4-Full

Diabetes Only

OR

(95% CI)

OR

(95% CI)

OR

(95% CI)

OR

(95% CI)

Age

1.06**

(1.05–1.07)

1.06**

(1.04–1.07)

  

1.06**

(1.03–1.08)

Gender

 Male

1

 

1

   

1

 

 Female

1.22

(0.81–1.85)

1.07

(0.63–1.83)

  

0.8

(0.34–1.84)

Residence

 Urban

1

 

1

   

1

 

 Rural

0.88

(0.61–1.27)

0.98

(0.63–1.53)

  

1

(0.32–3.00)

Race

 African

1

 

1

   

1

 

 White

2.05

(0.92–4.60)

1.29

(0.45–3.66)

  

1.05

(0.20–5.36)

 Coloured

1.68**

(1.13–2.50)

1.61

(0.99–2.62)

  

1.58

(0.64–3.95)

 Indian

3.65**

(2.09–6.36)

2.93**

(1.57–5.49)

  

3.49*

(1.11–10.96)

Household income

 Low

1

 

1

   

1

 

 Medium

0.99

(0.66–1.51)

0.73

(0.46–1.15)

  

0.93

(0.36–2.40)

 High

1.19

(0.71–2.02)

0.78

(0.45–1.35)

  

0.47

(0.16–1.32)

Education

 None

1

 

1

   

1

 

 Primary

0.97

(0.51–1.83)

1.76

(0.87–3.53)

  

1.91

(0.36–10.14)

 Secondary

0.70

(0.38–1.27)

2.39**

(1.18–4.84)

  

4.51

(0.77–26.47)

 Tertiary

0.71

(0.34–1.51)

1.65

(0.51–5.30)

  

5.57

(0.70–44.97)

Employment

 Unemployed

1

 

1

   

1

 

 Informal

2.41**

(1.25–4.66)

1.41

(0.68–2.90)

  

0.79

(0.31–1.98)

 Formal

0.79

(0.53–1.17)

0.71

(0.44–1.13)

  

0.90

(0.36–2.21)

Obesity

 Underweight

1

   

1

   

 Normal Weight

0.96

(0.30–3.10)

  

0.65

(0.13–3.39)

0.42

(0.07–2.67)

 Overweight

2.84

(0.91–8.90)

  

2.63

(0.46–14.97)

0.90

(0.12–6.44)

 Obese

1.29

(0.44–3.80)

  

0.59

(0.13–2.67)

0.35

(0.06–2.00)

Self-rated health

 Bad

1

   

1

 

1

 

 Moderate

1.02

(0.50–2.09)

  

1.04

(0.28–3.94)

1.34

(0.32–5.49)

 Good

0.31**

(0.17–0.56)

  

0.52

(0.14–1.92)

0.79

(0.17–3.60)

Smoking

 Never

1

   

1

 

1

 

 Occasional

0.27

(0.04–1.84)

  

0.04**

(0.01–0.22)

0.03**

(0.00–0.26)

 Regular

0.47

(0.19–1.13)

  

0.72

(0.32–1.61)

1.02

(0.40–2.65)

Alcohol

 Never

1

   

1

 

1

 

 Occasional

1.13

(0.60–2.11)

  

0.27**

(0.13–0.57)

0.31**

(0.13–0.76)

 Regular

0.11**

(0.04–0.33)

  

0.04**

(0.01–0.24)

0.05**

(0.01–0.36)

Physical Activity

 No

1

   

1

 

1

 

 Yes

1.18

(0.55–2.53)

  

0.93

(0.35–2.46)

1.62

(0.52–5.05)

  1. **p < 0.001; *p < 0.05; OR Odds ratio; 95%; CI Confidence Interval, CVD Cardiovascular disease