Step 1-Unadjusted | Step 2-Structural | Step 3-Intermediary | Step 4-Full | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Diabetes Only | OR | (95% CI) | OR | (95% CI) | OR | (95% CI) | OR | (95% CI) |
Age | 1.06** | (1.05–1.07) | 1.06** | (1.04–1.07) | 1.06** | (1.03–1.08) | ||
Gender | ||||||||
Male | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
Female | 1.22 | (0.81–1.85) | 1.07 | (0.63–1.83) | 0.8 | (0.34–1.84) | ||
Residence | ||||||||
Urban | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
Rural | 0.88 | (0.61–1.27) | 0.98 | (0.63–1.53) | 1 | (0.32–3.00) | ||
Race | ||||||||
African | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
White | 2.05 | (0.92–4.60) | 1.29 | (0.45–3.66) | 1.05 | (0.20–5.36) | ||
Coloured | 1.68** | (1.13–2.50) | 1.61 | (0.99–2.62) | 1.58 | (0.64–3.95) | ||
Indian | 3.65** | (2.09–6.36) | 2.93** | (1.57–5.49) | 3.49* | (1.11–10.96) | ||
Household income | ||||||||
Low | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
Medium | 0.99 | (0.66–1.51) | 0.73 | (0.46–1.15) | 0.93 | (0.36–2.40) | ||
High | 1.19 | (0.71–2.02) | 0.78 | (0.45–1.35) | 0.47 | (0.16–1.32) | ||
Education | ||||||||
None | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
Primary | 0.97 | (0.51–1.83) | 1.76 | (0.87–3.53) | 1.91 | (0.36–10.14) | ||
Secondary | 0.70 | (0.38–1.27) | 2.39** | (1.18–4.84) | 4.51 | (0.77–26.47) | ||
Tertiary | 0.71 | (0.34–1.51) | 1.65 | (0.51–5.30) | 5.57 | (0.70–44.97) | ||
Employment | ||||||||
Unemployed | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
Informal | 2.41** | (1.25–4.66) | 1.41 | (0.68–2.90) | 0.79 | (0.31–1.98) | ||
Formal | 0.79 | (0.53–1.17) | 0.71 | (0.44–1.13) | 0.90 | (0.36–2.21) | ||
Obesity | ||||||||
Underweight | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Normal Weight | 0.96 | (0.30–3.10) | 0.65 | (0.13–3.39) | 0.42 | (0.07–2.67) | ||
Overweight | 2.84 | (0.91–8.90) | 2.63 | (0.46–14.97) | 0.90 | (0.12–6.44) | ||
Obese | 1.29 | (0.44–3.80) | 0.59 | (0.13–2.67) | 0.35 | (0.06–2.00) | ||
Self-rated health | ||||||||
Bad | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
Moderate | 1.02 | (0.50–2.09) | 1.04 | (0.28–3.94) | 1.34 | (0.32–5.49) | ||
Good | 0.31** | (0.17–0.56) | 0.52 | (0.14–1.92) | 0.79 | (0.17–3.60) | ||
Smoking | ||||||||
Never | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
Occasional | 0.27 | (0.04–1.84) | 0.04** | (0.01–0.22) | 0.03** | (0.00–0.26) | ||
Regular | 0.47 | (0.19–1.13) | 0.72 | (0.32–1.61) | 1.02 | (0.40–2.65) | ||
Alcohol | ||||||||
Never | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
Occasional | 1.13 | (0.60–2.11) | 0.27** | (0.13–0.57) | 0.31** | (0.13–0.76) | ||
Regular | 0.11** | (0.04–0.33) | 0.04** | (0.01–0.24) | 0.05** | (0.01–0.36) | ||
Physical Activity | ||||||||
No | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
Yes | 1.18 | (0.55–2.53) | 0.93 | (0.35–2.46) | 1.62 | (0.52–5.05) |