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Table 1 Characteristics of studies included in the review

From: Prevalence of drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis in India: systematic review and meta-analysis

S. No

Study (Citation)

City

Study Year

Patient population

MTB isolates total (n)

DR-TBa (%)

Mono-drug resistance (%)

MDR-TB (%)

Pre-XDRe (%)

XDRf (%)

DST method

Ref population

       

H

R

E

S

Z

Overallb

Previously treatedc (%)

Newly diagnosed casesd (%)

Total

FQ

Inj

   

NORTH INDIA

1

Malhotra B et al., 2002 [50]

Jaipur

1997–1999

Combined PTB patients

122

36.1

13.1

3.3

   

17.2

24.4

4.6

    

LJ

Patients attending medical college

2

Sharma S K et al.(a)., 2009 [51]

Delhi

1997–2003

Prev. treated PTB patients

211

            

2.4

LJ

Tertiary hospital

3

Rosha D & Kataria V K, 2001 [52]

Ranchi

1999–2000

Prev. treated PTB patients

667

24.1

2.3

4.2

2.1

1.5

3.2

       

LJ

Tertiary hospital (Armed forces)

4

Rai S P et al., 2007 [27]

Ranchi

2001–2004

Newly diagnosed PTB patients

769

18.0

0.4

1.4

1.7

0.4

3.0

1.6

 

1.6

    

LJ

Tertiary hospital (Armed forces)

5

Jain A et al. (a), 2008 [53]

Lucknow

2000–2002

Combined PTB patients

353

37.4

2.0

0.3

0.6

6.0

 

19.3

29.0

11.0

    

LJ

Tertiary hospital

6

Jain A et al. (b), 2008 [54]

Lucknow

2002–2004

Combined PTB patients

686

38.2

29.7

20.7

17.8

27.7

 

19.8

25.5

13.2

    

LJ

Primary, Secondary

and Tertiary healthcare

7

Rawat J et al., 2009 [55]

Dehradun

2002–2006

Prev. treated PTB patients

180

62.8

5.00

    

57.2

57.2

     

LJ

Tertiary hospital

8

Datta B S et al., 2009 [56]

Kashmir

2003–2007

Newly diagnosed PTB patients

910

      

5.7

     

0.9

MGIT 960

Primary, Secondary

and Tertiary healthcare

9

Mathuria J P et al. (1), 2013 [38]

Sawai Madhopur

2004–2007

Combined PTB patients

48

22.92

4.17

 

2.08

  

14.58

66.67

7.14

    

LJ

District TB center

 

Mathuria J P et al. (2), 2013 [38]

Buxar

2004–2007

Combined PTB patients

24

54.17

0.00

 

4.17

  

37.50

43.75

25.00

    

LJ

District TB center

10

Sharma S K et al. (b), 2011 [18]

Delhi

2005–2008

Prev. treated PTB patients

196

 

0.00

1.53

   

20.41

20.41

     

LJ

Primary and tertiary healthcare

11

Hanif M et al., 2009 [17]

Delhi

2006

Prev. treated PTB patients

2880

52.01

4.69

47.12

3.72

13.99

 

47.12

47.12

     

LJ

TB referral center

12

Magee M J et al., 2012 [57]

Delhi

2006

Combined PTB patients

53

47.17

7.55

1.89

5.66

3.77

 

13.21

      

LJ, MGIT 960

HIV outpatient clinics (private)

13

Angrup A et al., 2011 [58]

Delhi

2006–2007

Combined PTB patients

67

 

1.5

 

3.0

11.9

 

10.5

      

LJ

Patients from DOTS center and private clinics

14

Sethi S et al., 2013 [59]

Chandigarh

2006–2010

Combined PTB patients

219

26.5

11.0

 

3.2

11.9

 

17.8

27.6

9.9

    

LJ, MGIT 960

Tertiary hospitals

15

Myneedu V P et al. (a), 2011 [60]

Delhi

2007–2009

Prev. treated PTB patients

223

      

8.1

     

20.2

LJ

Tertiary hospital

16

Mishra J K et al., 2009 [61]

Varanasi

2007–2009

Combined PTB patients

51

      

21.6

26.5

11.8

    

Not specified

Tertiary hospital

17

Porwal C et al., 2013 [28]

Delhi

2007–2010

Prev. treated PTB patients

609

      

79.3

79.3

 

8.7

67.9

32.1

3.0

MGIT 960

Tertiary hospital

18

Sharma S K et al. (c), 2011 [62]

Delhi

2008–2009

Newly diagnosed PTB patients

177

 

1.7

    

1.1

 

1.1

    

LJ

Primary healthcare

19

Yadav R et al., 2013 [63]

Chandigarh

2008–2010

Combined PTB patients

171

48.5

5.9

1.2

4.7

14.0

 

17.0

33.3

5.9

    

LJ

Tertiary hospital

20

Gupta A et al. (a), 2011 [64]

Varanasi

2008–2010

Combined PTB patients

288

57.6

     

35.8

      

LJ

Tertiary hospital

21

Sagar T et al., 2013 [65]

Delhi

2009–2010

Combined PTB patients

36

5.6

2.8

    

2.8

      

LJ

Tertiary hospital

22

Singh N et al., 2014 [66]

Delhi

2009–2012

Prev. treated PTB patients

353

      

67.71

67.71

     

Not specified

RNTCP district centers

23

Khanna A et al., 2010 [67]

Delhi

2010

Combined PTB patients

194

      

53.6

     

3.1

MGIT 960

Referral cases from diagnostic center

24

Maurya A K et al., 2013 [45]

Lucknow

2011–2012

Combined PTB patients

125

64.8

     

36.0

      

BacT/ALERT and Geno-Type® MTBDR plus assay

Tertiary hospitals

25

Myneedu V P et al. (b), 2015 [68]

Lucknow

2011–2012

New PTB patients

340

23.2

7.1

0.9

   

5.3

 

5.3

   

0.3

LJ

District DOTS center

26

Singhal R et al. (b), 2015 [69]

Delhi

2011–2012

Prev. treated PTB patients

2038

29.8

7.3

4.6

   

18.0

18.0

     

Geno-Type® MTBDR plus assay

National Reference laboratory

27

Jain A et al. (c), 2012 [29]

Lucknow

2012

Prev treated PTB patients

361

36.0

17.7

0.6

1.1

5.0

 

36.0

36.0

 

15.2

65.5

34.6

3.1

LJ

Tertiary care center

28

Jain A et al. (d), 2014 [16]

Lucknow, whole UP

2009–2012

Prev. treated PTB patients

2496

54.4

7.8

0.9

1.6

5.5

 

27.8

27.8

     

LJ

Tertiary care center

29

Kumar P et al., 2015 [20]

Punjab

2012–2013

Combined PTB patients

545

53.2

9.4

18.0

   

25.9

      

Gento-type MTB DRP plus assay

Tertiary care center

30

Gupta H et al., 2013 [70]

Lucknow

2010–2011

New PTB patients

169

21.3

18.3

4.7

10.6

10.1

 

4.7

 

4.7

    

LJ

DOTS center

31

Prajapati S et al., 2016 [71]

Delhi

2010–2011

New PTB patients

127

20.47

3.15

0.79

1.6

3.1

 

3.9

 

3.9

    

MGIT 960

AIMS, Children hospital

32

Gupta A et al. (b), 2015 [72]

Varanasi

2015

Combined PTB patients

354

      

29.4

      

LJ

Tertiary hospital

SOUTH INDIA

33

Vasanthakumari R & Jagannath K, 1997 [73]

Chennai

1997

Prev. treated PTB patients

162

63.0

     

20.4

20.4

     

LJ, DST, MIC

Tertiary hospital

34

Paramasivan C N et al. (a), 2000 [74]

Tamil Nadu

1997

Combined PTB patients

400

20.0

7.8

0.5

0.5

1.8

 

4.3

1.0

81.3

    

LJ

Reference laboratories across the state

35

Subhash H S et al., 2003 [75]

Vellore

1997–1999

Combined PTB patients

291

54.0

            

Not specified

Tertiary hospital

36

Deivanayagam C N et al., 2002 [76]

Chennai

1997–2000

Prev. treated PTB patients

618

80.1

66.3

55.5

46.4

35.6

 

54.9

54.9

     

LJ

Tertiary hospital

37

Vijay S et al., 2004 [40]

Bangalore

1999

Newly diagnosed PTB patients

271

27.7

3.7

0.4

0.4

13.3

 

2.2

 

2.2

    

LJ

District TB Centre

38

Paramasivan C N et al. (b), 2002 [77]

North Arcot; Raichur

1999

Combined PTB patients

587

27.8

6.1

 

0.2

3.2

 

6.3

81.5

2.7

    

LJ

District TB Centers

39

Ravindran C et al., 2006 [78]

North Kerala

1999–2000

Newly diagnosed PTB patients

45

17.8

4.4

    

8.9

 

8.9

    

LJ

Outpatient clinics

40

Velayutham B R et al., 2014 [79]

Tiruvallur

1999–2004

Combined PTB patients

2408

20.7

15.7

3.8

 

10.1

 

3.5

10.6

1.5

    

LJ

District TB Center

41

TRC_ICMR, 2001 [80]

Chennai

2001

Prev. treated PTB patients

1817

21.0

9.4

0.2

 

4.0

 

5.3

5.3

     

LJ

TB research center

42

Anuradha B et al., 2006 [81]

Hyderabad

2001–2003

Combined PTB patients

909

7.0

2.4

1.0

0.3

0.9

 

1.5

5.6

0.4

    

LJ

Tertiary hospital

43

Paramasivan C N et al. (c), 2010 [31]

Chennai, across India

2001–2004

Prev. treated PTB patients

2816

74.9

5.6

0.6

0.04

2.0

 

53.2

53.2

 

5.9

65.3

34.7

2.5

LJ

TB research center

44

Joseph M R et al., 2007 [39]

Eranakulam

2003

Newly diagnosed PTB patients

305

27.9

2.6

1.0

 

17.4

 

2.0

 

2.0

    

Not specified

Designated microscopy

centers

45

James P et al., 2011 [82]

Vellore

2003–2007

Prev. treated PTB patients

177

72.9

5.7

  

2.8

 

58.2

58.2

     

Not specified

Tertiary hospital

46

Rajasekaran S et al., 2009 [32]

Chennai

2004–2007

Combined PTB patients

2927

56.4

     

33.9

     

1.6

 

Tertiary hospital

47

Nagaraja C et al., 2012 [83]

Bangalore

2005–2010

Combined PTB patients

309

      

72.5

      

LJ

Tertiary hospital

48

Therese K L et al. (a), 2012 [84]

Chennai

2007–2009

Combined PTB patients

9

55.6

11.1

   

22.2

22.2

      

BACT-EC

Tertiary hospital

49

Duraisamy K et al., 2014 [85]

Kerala

2009–2010

Prev. treated PTB patients

1207

      

14.8

14.8

     

LJ

Records from state RNTCP

50

Bhat S et al., 2010 [86]

Mangalore

2010

Newly diagnosed PTB patients

50

82.0

10.0

6.0

6.0

32.0

 

4.0

 

4.0

    

LJ

Tertiary hospital

51

Kandi S et al., 2013 [87]

Hyderabad

2010–2011

Prev. treated PTB patients

84

50.0

13.1

2.4

 

1.2

 

33.3

33.3

     

LJ

Tertiary hospital

52

Therese K L et al. (b), 2012 [88]

Chennai

2011

Combined PTB patients

166

45.2

2.4

0.6

 

3.6

12.1

6.6

      

BACTEC MicroMGIT

Tertiary hospital

53

Selvakumar N et al., 2015 [26]

Tamil Nadu

2011–2012

Combined PTB patients

1934

26.6

9.6

1.0

   

6.00

13.2

1.8

1.7

93.9

6.1

0.2

LJ

Designated microscopy

centers

54

Gaude G S et al., 2014 [19]

Belgaum

2011–2012

Combined PTB patients

66

69.7

 

10.6

 

3.0

 

36.4

      

LJ

Tertiary hospital

55

Thirumurugan R et al., 2015 [89]

Puducherry

2011–2013

Combined PTB patients

127

70.9

 

16.5

   

54.3

      

LJ

Outpatient clinics

56

Udaykumar A J et al.,2014 [90]

Bangalore

2014

Combined PTB patients

61

      

32.8

     

14.8

LJ

Tertiary hospital

57

Ranganath R et al., 2013 [91]

Mysore

2011–2012

Prev. treated PTB patients

125

57.6

12.0

8.0

3.2

1.6

 

25.6

25.6

     

MB/BacT system

Tertiary hospital

EAST INDIA

58

Mahadev B et al., (1), 2005 [92]

Hoogli,WB

2000–2001

Newly diagnosed PTB patients

263

16.7

2.3

  

6.5

 

3.0

 

3.0

    

LJ

Designated microscopy

centers

 

Mahadev B et al. (2), 2005 [92]

Mayurbhanj, Orissa

2000–2001

Newly diagnosed PTB patients

282

5.3

1.1

  

2.9

 

0.7

 

0.7

    

LJ

Designated microscopy

centers

59

Chakraborty N et al., 2010 [93]

Kolkata

2007–2008

Combined PTB patients

120

35.8

4.2

4.2

1.7

5.0

 

15.0

     

3.3

LJ

Tertiary hospital

60

Lahiri S et al., 2015 [94]

Kolkata

2011–2012

Combined PTB patients

917

96.3

1.3

4.7

0.2

0.8

 

80.8

      

LJ

State Intermediate reference laboratories

61

Singhal R et al. (a), 2014 [24]

North Eastern states

2012

Prev. treated PTB patients

339

 

8.6

8.3

   

53.4

      

Geno-Type® MTBDRplus assay

Designated microscopy

centers

WEST INDIA

62

Chand K et al. (a), 2000 [95]

Pune

1995–1998

Combined PTB patients

1120

17.1

1.3

2.6

0.1

4.6

0.4

3.0

      

LJ

Tertiary hospital (Armed Forces)

63

Shah A R et al., 2002 [96]

Ahemdabad

2000–2001

Prev. treated PTB patients

822

58.6

7.5

1.0

0.5

1.5

 

9.3

9.3

     

LJ

DOTS center

64

Chand K et al. (b), 2006 [97]

Pune

2000–2003

Combined PTB patients

172

12.8

1.7

0.6

0.6

3.5

0.6

2.9

      

LJ

Tertiary hospital (Armed forces)

65

Pereira M et al., 2005 [98]

Pune

2000–2004

Newly diagnosed PTB patients

70

18.6

10.0

 

4.3

4.3

 

5.7

 

5.7

    

BACTEC MGIT 960

Tertiary hospital

66

Almeida D et al., 2003 [21]

Mumbai

2003

Combined PTB patients

300

48.7

3.0

1.3

 

5.7

 

26.7

48.0

11.4

    

LJ

Tertiary care center

67

Menon S et al., 2012 [42]

Mumbai

2005–2009

Combined PTB patients

673

85.9

2.4

5.9

 

5.8

 

47.6

      

DST not specified

Tertiary care center

68

D’souza D T et al., 2009 [23]

Mumbai

2004–2007

Combined PTB patients

724

70.4

9.7

1.0

  

0.1

29.3

41.1

23.7

    

Buddemeyer technique

Cases from district TB registers.

69

Ramachandran R et al., 2009 [99]

Gujarat

2005–2006

Combined PTB patients

2618

31.3

7.9

0.5

0.1

9.3

 

8.4

17.4

2.4

   

0.3

LJ

Designated microscopy

centers

70

Dalal A et al., 2015 [100]

Mumbai

2005–2013

Prev. treated PTB patients

340

29.4

     

29.4

29.4

     

MGIT 960

Private hospitals

71

Pradhan N et al., 2013 [101]

Pune

2008–2010

Prev. treated PTB patients

249

53.4

     

53.4

53.4

 

10.0

52.0

48.0

4.8

LJ

Tertiary care center

72

Jain S K et al., 2013 [15]

Pune

2010–2012

Newly diagnosed PTB patients

3

66.7

     

33.3

 

33.3

    

LJ, MGIT-960

Tertiary care center

73

Vadwai V et al., 2011 [102]

Mumbai

2011

Combined PTB patients

250

77.6

4.0

    

73.6

77.2

68.3

    

MGIT

Tertiary care center

CENTRAL INDIA

74

Hemvani N et al., 2001 [30]

Indore

1987–1996

Combined PTB patients

1426

88.0

     

8.1

      

LJ

Tertiary care center

75

Bhat J et al. 2015 [25]

Gwalior, Shivpuri

2012–2013

Combined PTB patients

475

26.95

5.05

0.8

0.6

11.4

 

4.0

3.0

1.1

    

LJ

Vulnerable Tribal Group

  1. Abbreviations : DR-TB Drug resistant tuberculosis, DOTS Directly Observed Treatment, Short Course, DST Drug susceptibility testing, E Ethambutol, FQ Fluoroquinolone, H Isoniazid, Inj Aminoglycoside injectable, L-J Löwenstein-Jensen method, MDR-TB Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, MGIT Mycobacteria Growth Indicator Tube, MTB Mycobacterium tuberculosis, PTB Pulmonary tuberculosis, R Rifampicin, S Streptomycin, TRC, ICMR, Tuberculosis Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, XDR TB Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis, Z Pyrazinamide
  2. aTotal no. of drug resistant cases/ Total no. of MTB isolates
  3. bTotal no. of multidrug resistant cases/ Total no. of MTB isolates
  4. cTotal no. of multidrug resistant cases in previous treated cases/ Total no. of MTB isolates from previously treated patients
  5. dTotal no. of multidrug resistant cases in newly diagnosed cases/ Total no. of MTB isolates from newly diagnosed patients
  6. eTotal no. of Pre-XDR cases/ Total no. of MTB isolates
  7. fTotal no. of XDR cases/ Total no. of MTB isolates