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Table 4 Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses for overweight/obesity among Malaysian adults aged 18 years and above, NHMS 2015

From: Physical activity and overweight/obesity among Malaysian adults: findings from the 2015 National Health and morbidity survey (NHMS)

Characteristic

Sex

Men

Women

Crude OR (95% CI)

Adjusted ORa (95% CI)

Crude OR (95% CI)

Adjusted ORa (95% CI)

Physical activity level

 Low

1.28 (1.10–1.49)**

1.06 (0.91–1.24)

0.84 (0.72–0.98)*

0.93 (0.79–1.09)

 Moderate

1.34 (1.18–1.51)***

1.14 (1.01–1.30)*

0.97 (0.85–1.11)

1.02 (0.87–1.18)

 High

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

Age group (years)

 18–29

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 30–39

1.31 (1.10–1.57)**

1.14 (0.93–1.40)

2.10 (1.77–2.49)***

2.10 (1.73–2.55)***

 40–49

1.98 (1.65–2.37)***

1.44 (1.14–1.81)**

2.55 (2.15–3.01)***

2.33 (1.91–2.83)***

 50–59

1.96 (1.63–2.35)***

1.24 (0.98–1.58)

3.06 (2.61–3.59)***

2.48 (2.01–3.06)***

 ≥ 60

1.32 (1.10–1.58)**

0.74 (0.56–0.98)*

2.09 (1.75–2.49)***

1.67 (1.31–2.19)***

Ethnicity

 Malays

1.14 (0.98–1.33)

1.23 (1.04–1.47)*

2.50 (2.13–2.94)***

2.87 (2.40–3.43)***

 Chinese

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 Indians

1.59 (1.18–2.13)**

1.54 (1.13–2.10)**

4.00 (3.12–5.13)***

4.18 (3.19–5.47)***

 Other Bumiputeras

0.99 (0.78–1.25)

1.17 (0.91–1.50)

2.20 (1.75–2.78)***

2.57 (1.97–3.37)***

 Others

0.44 (0.34–0.57)***

0.56 (0.41–0.75)***

1.31 (0.98–1.74)

1.51 (1.10–2.08)*

Residential area

 Urban

1.41 (1.21–1.63)***

1.15 (1.00–1.33)

0.84 (0.74–0.96)**

1.02 (0.88–1.17)

 Rural

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

Marital status

 Single

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 Married

1.64 (1.43–1.89)***

1.38 (1.15–1.67)**

1.95 (1.69–2.25)***

1.02 (0.86–1.22)

 Widow/widower/divorcee

1.23 (0.86–1.76)

1.24 (0.83–1.86)

1.88 (1.56–2.28)***

0.86 (0.67–1.10)

Educational level

 No formal education

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 Primary

1.56 (1.14–2.13)**

1.21 (0.88–1.66)

1.29 (1.04–1.60)*

1.35 (1.07–1.71)*

 Secondary

2.15 (1.58–2.92)***

1.50 (1.11–2.04)**

1.09 (0.89–1.34)

1.26 (0.99–1.62)

 Tertiary

2.49 (1.81–3.44)***

1.67 (1.20–2.33)**

0.74 (0.60–0.93)**

1.01 (0.76–1.34)

Monthly household income (1 USD = 4.44 MYR)

 < MYR1000

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 MYR1000-MYR1999

1.07 (0.86–1.33)

1.13 (0.89–1.44)

1.10 (0.90–1.33)

1.12 (0.92–1.37)

 MYR2000-MYR2999

1.14 (0.93–1.41)

1.07 (0.84–1.35)

1.11 (0.92–1.34)

1.13 (0.93–1.37)

 MYR3000-MYR3999

1.26 (1.00–1.60)*

1.15 (0.89–1.49)

1.03 (0.85–1.26)

1.10 (0.89–1.36)

 MYR4000-MYR4999

1.31 (1.01–1.71)*

1.10 (0.83–1.46)

0.94 (0.78–1.18)

1.05 (0.82–1.35)

 ≥ MYR5000

1.42 (1.16–1.74)**

1.22 (0.97–1.53)

0.87 (0.73–1.05)

1.10 (0.90–1.34)

Sedentary behaviour

 Yes (≥ 8 h sitting time/day)

1.22 (1.02–1.46)*

1.15 (0.96–1.38)

0.86 (0.74–1.01)

0.94 (0.80–1.10)

 No (< 8 h sitting time/day)

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

Diabetes

 Yes

2.44 (2.00–2.98)***

1.34 (1.05–1.72)*

2.31 (1.91–2.79)***

1.21 (0.98–1.49)

 No

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

Hypertension

 Yes

2.76 (2.31–3.29)***

2.16 (1.75–2.68)***

2.58 (2.20–3.02)***

2.08 (1.74–2.49)***

 No

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

Hypercholesterolemia

 Yes

2.73 (2.21–3.38)***

1.58 (1.25–1.99)***

1.87 (1.58–2.20)***

1.12 (0.93–1.35)

 No

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

  1. aOdds ratios (ORs) adjusted for all other variables shown in the table
  2. Statistically significant. *p< 0.05; **p< 0.01; ***p< 0.001
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