Spatial distribution of HIV, HCV, and co-infections among drug users in the southwestern border areas of China (2004–2014): a cohort study of a national methadone maintenance treatment program

Li, Mingli; Li, Rongjian; Shen, Zhiyong; Li, Chunying; Liang, Nengxiu; Peng, Zhenren; Huang, Wenbo; He, Chongwei; Zhong, Feng; Tang, Xianyan; Lan, Guanghua

doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4769-7

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of MMT clients with HIV, HCV and co-infections in Guangxi (2004 ~ 2014)

From: Spatial distribution of HIV, HCV, and co-infections among drug users in the southwestern border areas of China (2004–2014): a cohort study of a national methadone maintenance treatment program

Characteristic	Total (n = 31,015)		HIV clients (n = 4046)		HCV clients (n = 22,488)		Co-infected clients (n = 3708)
Characteristic	No. of clients	Proportion (%)	No. of clients	Proportion (%)	No. of clients	Proportion (%)	No. of clients	Proportion (%)
Gender			χ² = 37.75, P < 0.001		χ² = 96.01, P < 0.001		χ² = 118.25, P < 0.001
Male	28,036	90.39	3550	87.74	20,101	89.39	3249	87.62
Female	2979	9.61	496	12.26	2387	10.61	459	12.38
Occupation			χ² = 49.68, P < 0.001		χ² = 505.12, P < 0.001		χ² = 558.71, P < 0.001
Unemployed	17,125	55.21	2415	59.69	13,143	58.44	2216	59.76
Farmers	9109	29.37	1135	28.05	5812	25.85	1034	27.89
Others	4781	15.42	496	12.26	3533	15.71	458	12.35
Ethnic groups			χ² = 111.43, P < 0.001		χ² = 419.45, P < 0.001		χ² = 472.78, P < 0.001
Han	20,860	67.26	3004	74.24	15,876	70.60	2779	74.95
Zhuang	9399	30.30	990	24.47	6093	27.09	880	23.73
Others	756	2.44	52	1.29	519	2.31	49	1.32
Marital status			χ² = 144.04, P < 0.001		χ² = 141.98, P < 0.001		χ² = 242.64, P < 0.001
Married	13,375	43.12	1426	35.25	9329	41.48	1305	35.19
Unmarried	15,055	48.54	2155	53.26	11,079	49.27	1972	53.18
Others	2585	8.34	465	11.49	2080	9.25	431	11.63
Education			χ² = 74.10, P < 0.001		χ² = 27.92, P < 0.001		χ² = 89.74, P < 0.001
Primary level education or below	8274	26.68	1276	31.54	6129	27.25	1168	31.50
Junior secondary school	19,461	62.75	2446	60.45	13,911	61.86	2238	60.36
Senior school or above	3280	10.57	324	8.01	2448	10.89	302	8.14
Living status			χ² = 81.61, P < 0.001		χ² = 183.78, P < 0.001		χ² = 230.68, P < 0.001
With family or relatives	24,734	79.75	3045	75.26	17,630	78.40	2796	75.40
With friends	971	3.13	108	2.67	644	2.86	96	2.59
Alone	2138	6.89	363	8.97	1623	7.22	321	8.66
Others	3172	10.23	530	13.10	2591	11.52	495	13.35
Living expense source in the past six months			χ² = 103.70, P < 0.001		χ² = 144.68, P < 0.001		χ² = 212.56, P < 0.001
From family or friends	16,582	53.46	2257	55.78	11,950	53.14	2051	55.31
From casual wages	8067	26.01	877	21.68	5623	25.00	805	21.71
From fixed wages	1399	4.51	117	2.89	986	4.39	108	2.91
Others	4967	16.02	795	19.65	3929	17.47	744	20.07
Age of initial drug use (years)			χ² = 194.65, P < 0.001		χ² = 223.97, P < 0.001		χ² = 358.48, P < 0.001
< 24	17,372	56.01	2677	66.16	13,180	58.61	2476	66.77
≥ 24	13,643	43.99	1369	33.84	9308	41.39	1232	33.23
Length of drug use at baseline (years)			χ² = 1250.60, P < 0.001		χ² = 3413.13, P < 0.001		χ² = 4156.72, P < 0.001
< 5	9763	31.48	411	10.16	5011	22.28	340	9.17
5–10	7655	24.68	922	22.79	5846	26.00	852	22.98
> 10	13,597	43.84	2713	67.05	11,631	51.72	2516	67.85
Route of drug use in the past six months			χ² = 674.72, P < 0.001		χ² = 6329.18, P < 0.001		χ² = 6595.77, P < 0.001
Injection intravenously only	21,177	68.28	3446	85.17	18,015	80.11	3209	86.54
Smoking or sniffing	7957	25.66	382	9.44	3055	13.58	297	8.01
Injection mixed with other	1881	6.06	218	5.39	1418	6.31	202	5.45
Receptive sharing of syringes with others			χ² = 2840.14, P < 0.001		χ² = 1566.26, P < 0.001		χ² = 3753.07, P < 0.001
Yes	7211	23.25	2276	56.25	6543	29.10	2137	57.63
No	23,804	76.75	1770	43.75	1,5945	70.90	1571	42.37
Frequency of drug use in the past month			χ² = 208.72, P < 0.001		χ² = 196.19, P < 0.001		χ² = 195.95, P < 0.001
0 times/day	2485	8.01	154	3.81	1615	7.18	143	3.86
1–3 times/day	18,386	59.28	2278	56.30	13,147	58.46	2077	56.01
4–6 times/day	8303	26.77	1289	31.86	6322	28.11	1220	32.90
> 6 times/day	1489	4.80	288	7.12	1188	5.29	245	6.61
Missing	352	1.14	37	0.91	216	0.96	23	0.62
HIV status at baseline			–		χ² = 855.02, P < 0.001		–
Positive	4046	13.05			3708	16.49
Negative	26,969	86.95			18,780	83.51
HCV status at baseline			χ² = 855.02, P < 0.001		–		–
Positive	22,488	72.51	3708	91.65
Negative	8527	27.49	338	8.35
HIV/HCV co-infection at baseline			–		–		–
Double positive	3708	11.96
Double negative	8189	26.40
Single positive and negative	19,118	61.64
Urine morphine testing results at baseline			χ² = 24.79, P < 0.001		χ² = 13.21, P = 0.001		χ² = 33.50, P < 0.001
Positive	17,383	56.05	2442	60.36	12,622	56.13	2190	59.06
Negative	13,085	42.19	1562	38.61	9507	42.28	1445	38.97
Missing	547	1.76	42	1.04	359	1.59	73	1.97

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