Obesity, change of body mass index and subsequent physical and mental health functioning: a 12-year follow-up study among ageing employees

Table 3 Adjusted mean differences in changes in Physical Health Functioning Score (PCS) between phase 1 and phase 3 by different weight change categories

			Model 1		Model 2		Model 3		Model 4
			Phase 1- > Phase 3		Phase 1- > Phase 3		Phase 1- > Phase 3		Phase 1- > Phase 3
BMI (change ≥5%)^a,b		n (%)	β	SE	β	SE	β	SE	β	SE
Women	Normal weight
	Stable weight^c	1538 (33)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	Weight gain	893 (19)	−1.3*	0.4	−1.2*	0.4	−1.2*	0.4	−1.2*	0.4
	Overweight
	Stable weight	786 (17)	−0.2	0.4	−0.3	0.4	−0.1	0.5	−0.3	0.5
	Weight gain	470 (10)	−1.3*	0.5	−1.2*	0.5	−1.0	0.6	−1.2*	0.6
	Obese
	Stable weight	270 (6)	−1.8*	0.7	−1.9*	0.7	−1.6*	0.7	−1.7*	0.7
	Weight gain	188 (4)	−3.6*	0.8	−3.7*	0.8	−3.2*	0.8	−3.3*	0.8
	All
	Weight loss	500 (11)	0.0	0.5	−0.2	0.5	0.1	0.6	0.4	0.5
Men	Normal weight
	Stable weight^c	293 (29)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	Weight gain	102 (10)	−0.5	1.0	−0.5	1.0	−0.6	1.0	−1.2	1.0
	Overweight
	Stable weight	277 (27)	0.1	0.7	0.1	0.7	0.1	0.7	−0.4	0.7
	Weight gain	107 (11)	−1.2	1.0	−1.2	1.0	−1.2	1.0	−1.4	1.0
	Obese
	Stable weight	68 (7)	−1.6	1.2	−1.7	1.2	−1.9	1.2	−1.7	1.1
	Weight gain	36 (4)	−3.5*	1.5	−3.6*	1.5	−3.4*	1.5	−3.5*	1.5
	All
	Weight loss	140 (14)	0.6	0.9	0.5	0.9	0.3	0.9	−0.1	0.9

Model 1: Adjusted for age
Model 2: Adjusted for age and socio-demographic factors (marital status, socioeconomic position, and employment status)
Model 3: Adjusted for age and health behaviours (smoking, problem drinking and physical activity)
Model 4: Adjusted for age and somatic ill-health
*p < 0.05
^a Body mass index (BMI): normal weight 18.5–24.9 kg/m ² , overweight 25–29.9 kg/m ² , and obese ≥30 kg/m ²
^b BMI change ≥5% (Phase 1–2)
^c Reference group

ISSN: 1471-2458