The associations between workplace bullying, salivary cortisol, and long-term sickness absence: a longitudinal study

Table 1 Characteristics of participants based on workplace bullying at start of follow-up and long-term sickness absence during the follow-up period based on 7451 observations from 5418 unique participants

	Long-term sickness absence
	No long-term sickness absence during follow-up		Long-term sickness absence during follow-up
	n	%	n	%
Gender
Men	1729	26.2	144	17.1
Women	4880	73.8	698	82.9
Age
< 35 years	1162	17.6	117	13.9
35–44 years	1763	26.7	202	24.0
45–54 years	2146	32.5	295	35.0
> 55 years	1538	23.3	228	27.1
Smoking
Current	926	14.0	154	18.3
Former	2281	34.5	310	36.8
Never	3402	51.5	378	44.9
Alcohol consumption
≤ 14 g per week	4872	73.7	654	77.7
> 14 g per week	1737	26.3	188	22.3
Physical activity
< 2 h per week	718	10.9	114	13.5
≥ 2 h per week	5891	89.1	728	86.5
Body mass index
< 18.5 kg/m²	111	1.7	14	1.7
18.5–25 kg/m²	4136	62.6	447	53.1
> 25 kg/m²	2362	35.7	381	45.3
Education
< 3 years	1660	25.1	261	31.0
3–4 years	3899	59.0	513	60.9
> 4 years	1050	15.9	68	8.1
Bullying
Non-bullied	6148	93.0	738	87.7
Bullied	461	7.0	104	12.4
Morning cortisol
Low morning cortisol	2097	31.7	275	32.7
Moderate morning cortisol	2230	33.7	278	33.0
High morning cortisol	2282	34.5	289	34.3
Evening cortisol
Low evening cortisol	2104	31.8	280	33.3
Moderate evening cortisol	2186	33.1	299	35.5
High evening cortisol	2319	35.1	263	31.2
Morning-to-evening slope
Low slope	2155	32.6	281	33.4
Moderate slope	2227	33.7	277	32.9
High slope	2227	33.7	284	33.7

ISSN: 1471-2458