Table 1 Description of model parameters with their values or ranges used for the stochastic simulations from the published literature

R ₀

basic reproduction number

1.4 (1.3 − 1.5)

β

baseline transmission rate of infection

variable

p

infant primary vaccination coverage

0.9 (0 − 1)

α

fraction of individuals who defer booster vaccination

variable (0 − 100%)

r

fraction of individuals who receive booster with deferral

100 % (0 − 100%)

η

reduction of transmissibility during partial protection after primary vaccination

0.15 (0.1 − 0.2)

π

reduction of transmissibility during partial protection after natural infection or booster vaccination

0.5 (0.3 − 0.7)

δ

reduction of transmissibility during carriage

0.5 (0.3 − 0.7)

1/σ

age for completion of primary vaccination

0.5 year

1/ϕ

duration of time for receiving booster after primary vaccine

1 (1 − 4) years

1/κ

average duration of partial protection without booster

2 (1 − 3) years

1/ξ

average duration of full protection following booster

4 (2 − 6) years

1/τ

average duration of partial protection after natural infection or booster

6 (4 − 8) years

1/ε

average duration of full protection following infection

3 (2 − 4) years

1/θ

average duration of latency

2 days

1/γ ₁

average duration of carriage

60 (14 − 120) days

1/γ ₂

average duration of communicability for symptomatic infection

2 days

1/μ

average lifespan

70 years

q

fraction of infected individuals who undergo carriage

(0.6 − 0.9)