Childhood obesity and adult cardiovascular disease risk factors: a systematic review with meta-analysis

BMC Public Health

Table 3 Changes in primary outcomes limited to BMI for childhood exposure

Variable	Studies (#)	Zr (95% CI)	Q (P)	I ² (%)	95% PI
SBP	14	0.10 (0.06, 0.13)*	97.56 (<0.001)**	86.68	0, 0.23
DBP	13	0.11 (0.07, 0.14)*	100.19 (<0.001)**	88.02	0, 0.24
TC	7	0.01 (−0.05, 0.07)	54.28 (<0.001)**	88.95	−0.17, 0.16
LDL	5	0.02 (−0.06, 0.10)	63.07 (<0.001)**	93.66	−0.28, 0.28
HDL	8	−0.06 (−0.11, −0.01)*	39.61 (<0.001)**	82.33	−0.20, 0.09
TG	7	0.10 (0.02, 0.17)*	42.0 (<0.001)**	83.33	−0.13, 0.34

SBP systolic blood pressure; DBP diastolic blood pressure; TC total cholesterol; LDL low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG triglycerides; All studies adjusted for adult body mass index (BMI) and limited to BMI as the exposure; Zr, Fisher’s z scale (Correlation coefficient ‘r’ is transformed using Fisher’s z transformation to achieve normal sampling distribution; Q, Cochran’s Q statistic; I ² , I-squared, calculated as 100% × (Q - df)/Q, where df is degrees of freedom; I ² classified as trivial (0%–25%), low (25.1%–50%), moderate (50.1%–75%), or high (75.1%–100%) [57]; PI, prediction intervals; boldfaced items are statistically significant
*statistically significant (non-overlapping 95% CI)
**statistically significant at p < 0.10

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