Cell phone use in early pregnancy (n = 45,389) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
No use (n = 4428) | Any use (40,961) | |||
N | % | N | % | |
Maternal characteristics | ||||
Maternal age | ||||
< 30 years | 1433 | 32.4 | 18,011 | 44.0 |
30–34 years | 2275 | 51.4 | 18,053 | 44.1 |
≥ 35 years | 720 | 16.2 | 4897 | 11.9 |
Year of delivery | ||||
1999–2004 | 3208 | 74.6 | 13,465 | 33.0 |
2005–2006 | 834 | 19.4 | 13,562 | 33.2 |
2007–2009 | 256 | 6.0 | 13,823 | 33.8 |
Parity | ||||
Primiparous | 1364 | 29.5 | 21,264 | 50.0 |
Multiparous | 3255 | 70.5 | 21,240 | 50.0 |
Education | ||||
≤ 12 years | 1507 | 34.0 | 11,111 | 27.1 |
13–16 years | 2026 | 45.8 | 18,177 | 44.4 |
≥ 17 years | 895 | 20.2 | 11,673 | 28.5 |
Parental income | ||||
Both parents low income | 1698 | 39.4 | 10,196 | 25.4 |
Either parent high income | 2049 | 47.5 | 16,714 | 41.6 |
Both parents high income | 567 | 13.1 | 13,239 | 33.0 |
Missing | 926 (2.0%) | |||
Maternal occupation | ||||
Public sector/military | 2372 | 53.7 | 19,292 | 47.2 |
Private sector/self-employed | 1274 | 28.9 | 16,161 | 39.5 |
Other | 767 | 17.4 | 5424 | 13.3 |
Missing | 99 (0.2%) | |||
Smoking prior to pregnancy | ||||
No | 3537 | 79.9 | 30,366 | 74.1 |
Occasionally | 282 | 6.4 | 4129 | 10.1 |
Daily | 609 | 13.7 | 6466 | 15.8 |
Alcohol consumption prior to pregnancy | ||||
Never/less than once per month | 1998 | 49.7 | 13,789 | 35.0 |
1–3 times/month | 1317 | 32.7 | 14,328 | 36.4 |
≥ 1 time/week | 707 | 17.6 | 11,289 | 28.6 |
Missing | 1961 (4.3%) | |||
Maternal extrovert personality score | ||||
Low | 140 | 37.3 | 2228 | 21.2 |
Average | 210 | 56.0 | 6943 | 66.1 |
High | 25 | 6.7 | 1339 | 12.7 |
Missing | 34,504 (76.0%) | |||
Parental phone use | ||||
Frequency of cell phone use in early pregnancya | ||||
Low use | 0 | 0 | 17,690 | 43.2 |
Medium use | 0 | 0 | 21,292 | 52.0 |
High use | 0 | 0 | 1979 | 4.8 |
Maternal cell phone use in late pregnancy | ||||
No use | 3340 | 76.7 | 1885 | 4.7 |
Low use | 987 | 22.7 | 17,524 | 43.8 |
Medium use | 27 | 0.6 | 19,287 | 48.2 |
High use | 1 | 0.02 | 1288 | 3.2 |
Missing | 1050 (2.3%) | |||
Paternal cell phone use during pregnancy | ||||
No use | 620 | 22.7 | 621 | 3.5 |
Low use | 1023 | 37.4 | 4404 | 24.9 |
Medium use | 956 | 35.0 | 10,509 | 59.4 |
High use | 133 | 4.9 | 2158 | 12.2 |
Missing | 24,965 (55.0%) |