Determinants of childhood stunting in the Democratic Republic of Congo: further analysis of Demographic and Health Survey 2013–14

Kismul, Hallgeir; Acharya, Pawan; Mapatano, Mala Ali; Hatløy, Anne

doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4621-0

Table 2 Hierarchical logistic regression analysis of associations between stunting and sociodemographic and clinical factors in under-five children, the Democratic Republic of Congo, 2013–14

From: Determinants of childhood stunting in the Democratic Republic of Congo: further analysis of Demographic and Health Survey 2013–14

Characteristics	Model 1				Model 2				Model 3
Characteristics	aOR	95% CI			aOR	95% CI			aOR	95% CI
Age
< 6 months	1.00				1.00				1.00
6–11 months	1.89	1.12	3.19	*	1.84	1.07	3.19	*	1.84	1.09	3.13	*
12–23 months	4.22	3.07	5.80	***	4.35	3.14	6.03	***	4.41	3.19	6.09	***
24–35 months	6.59	4.84	8.97	***	6.34	4.60	8.74	***	6.53	4.73	9.00	***
36–47 months	7.93	5.77	10.89	***	8.78	6.41	12.03	***	9.60	6.97	13.21	***
48–59 months	7.67	5.61	10.50	***	7.63	5.59	10.42	***	8.13	5.93	11.15	***
Sex
Male	1.00				1.00				1.00
Female	0.80	0.70	0.92	**	0.81	0.70	0.94	**	0.81	0.70	0.94	**
Distal factors
Mother's education
None	1.00				1.00				1.00
Primary	1.03	0.88	1.21		1.02	0.86	1.21		0.99	0.83	1.18
Secondary	0.80	0.67	0.96	*	0.84	0.68	1.03		0.83	0.67	1.04
Higher	0.45	0.22	0.93	*	0.64	0.31	1.32		0.63	0.31	1.28
Wealth quintile
Richest	1.00				1.00				1.00
Richer	2.14	1.57	2.92	***	1.92	1.32	2.79	**	1.91	1.32	2.76	**
Middle	2.84	1.98	4.07	***	2.30	1.51	3.50	***	2.38	1.56	3.62	***
Poorer	3.28	2.23	4.83	***	2.43	1.54	3.82	***	2.48	1.57	3.92	***
Poorest	3.93	2.70	5.72	***	2.81	1.78	4.44	***	2.90	1.83	4.57	***
Ethnicity
Bakongo	1.00				1.00				1.00
Bas-kasai et kwilu-kwngo	0.93	0.52	1.67		0.82	0.45	1.49		0.92	0.51	1.66
Cuvette central	0.77	0.41	1.45		0.60	0.31	1.14		0.65	0.34	1.24
Ubangi et itimbiri	1.02	0.53	1.96		1.07	0.53	2.17		1.11	0.54	2.24
Uele lac albert	1.08	0.52	2.24		0.99	0.45	2.18		1.05	0.48	2.30
Basele-k, man. et kivu	0.96	0.45	2.05		0.91	0.41	2.01		0.93	0.41	2.11
Kasai, katanga, Tanganyika	1.00	0.54	1.85		0.94	0.49	1.79		1.08	0.57	2.05
others (lunda/pygmy/foreign)	1.28	0.62	2.68		1.23	0.60	2.50		1.61	0.83	3.13
Residence
Urban	1.00								1.00
Rural	0.92	0.74	1.15		0.90	0.69	1.18		0.89	0.68	1.16
Province (New)
Kinshasa	1.00								1.00
Kwango	1.81	0.93	3.50		1.62	0.78	3.36		1.42	0.69	2.91
Kwilu	1.29	0.73	2.27		1.41	0.74	2.67		1.29	0.69	2.43
Mai-ndombe	1.07	0.59	1.92		1.12	0.61	2.03		1.02	0.56	1.84
Kongo central	2.09	0.97	4.48		1.64	0.72	3.72		1.77	0.84	3.77
Equateur	0.58	0.27	1.24		0.60	0.26	1.40		0.55	0.24	1.28
Mongala	0.96	0.52	1.79		0.84	0.41	1.73		0.79	0.39	1.61
Nord-ubangi	1.22	0.60	2.51		1.33	0.61	2.91		1.23	0.56	2.69
Sud-ubangi	1.22	0.62	2.42		1.00	0.48	2.08		0.95	0.46	1.96
Tshuapa	1.71	0.86	3.41		2.54	1.24	5.18	*	2.33	1.15	4.72	*
Kasai	2.82	1.60	4.97	***	3.05	1.65	5.61	***	2.75	1.49	5.07	**
Kasai-central	1.89	1.02	3.49	*	1.74	0.88	3.46		1.48	0.74	2.96
Kasai-oriental	1.80	1.03	3.15	*	2.05	1.14	3.70	*	1.86	1.04	3.33	*
Lomami	1.97	1.11	3.50	*	1.92	1.00	3.68	P = 0.05	1.64	0.86	3.11
Sankuru	2.49	1.32	4.69	**	3.11	1.54	6.30	**	2.87	1.41	5.82	**
Haut-katanga	2.84	1.72	4.69	***	2.55	1.46	4.46	**	2.19	1.26	3.81	**
Haut-lomami	1.77	0.95	3.30		1.28	0.63	2.57		1.13	0.57	2.25
Lualaba	1.60	0.85	2.99		1.33	0.62	2.85		1.09	0.47	2.49
Langanyka	1.92	1.04	3.57	*	1.57	0.78	3.17		1.32	0.67	2.62
Maniema	1.70	0.79	3.63		1.42	0.61	3.34		1.37	0.55	3.43
Nord-kivu	2.49	1.29	4.79	**	2.04	0.97	4.29		2.09	0.98	4.47
Bas-uele	1.30	0.68	2.50		1.48	0.65	3.37		1.07	0.47	2.47
Haut-uele	1.41	0.60	3.32		1.56	0.62	3.91		1.40	0.55	3.52
Ituri	1.53	0.77	3.07		1.33	0.61	2.89		1.37	0.64	2.93
Tshopo	1.19	0.56	2.50		1.25	0.54	2.92		1.17	0.51	2.68
Sud-kivu	3.10	1.45	6.61	**	2.57	1.15	5.73	*	2.54	1.11	5.83	*
Intermediate factors
Mothers age at delivery
< 20 years					1.00				1.00
20–34 years					0.78	0.59	1.03		0.70	0.52	0.94	*
> =35 years					0.76	0.54	1.06		0.65	0.45	0.94	*
Mother’s body mass index
Thin					1.00				1.00
Normal					0.96	0.73	1.26		0.97	0.74	1.28
Overweight					0.73	0.49	1.10	*	0.73	0.48	1.09
Mother’s height					0.99	0.99	1.00	***	0.60	0.53	0.68	***
Birth interval
First Birth					1.00				1.00
< 24 months					1.17	0.86	1.59		1.38	1.06	1.79	*
> 24 months					1.05	0.79	1.40		1.23	0.95	1.59
Family size
Small(<4)					1.00				1.00
Medium (4–6 members)					0.91	0.69	1.19		0.92	0.70	1.21
Large (>8 members)					1.26	1.00	1.58	P = 0.05	1.18	0.93	1.48
Number of Children
1					1.00				1.00
2					1.08	0.87	1.35		1.09	0.88	1.36
3					1.21	0.93	1.59		1.21	0.92	1.58
4 or more					0.98	0.69	1.39		0.99	0.70	1.41
Access to safe water					0.92	0.69	1.23		0.89	0.67	1.19
Access to hygienic toilet					0.80	0.49	1.31		0.80	0.48	1.31
Proximal factors
Birth order
1									1.00
2									0.74	0.49	1.13
> =3									1.01	0.64	1.57
Had diarrhea
No									1.00
Yes									1.11	0.89	1.39
Breastfeeding within first hour
No									1.00
Yes									0.82	0.70	0.95	**

Model 1: Adjusted for child’s age, sex, and distal factors (mother’s education, ethnicity, place of residence and ecological zone)
Model 2: In addition to model 2, adjusted intermediate factors (mother’s age at delivery, birth interval, mother’s BMI, Mother’s height, size of family, number of children in family, access to safe water, and access to hygienic toilet)
Model 3: In addition to model 3, adjusted for proximal factors (birth order, diarrhea within past 2 weeks and initiation of breastfeeding within first hour after birth)
OR odds ratio, aOR adjusted odds ratio, CI confidence interval
^* p < 0.05; ^** p < 0.01; ^*** p < 0.001

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