Fig. 1

The effects of climate change mitigation on health (health co-benefits and others). Climate change mitigation measures adopted by an individual can directly affect this individual’s health, if the health effect is accessible by personal choice (e.g. health co-benefits of reduced cardiovascular health risks by biking to work or eating less meat). Climate change mitigation measures adopted by many individuals can indirectly effect health on population level (e.g. health co-benefits of reducing greenhouse gas emissions and therefore air pollution, reducing e.g. respiratory and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality). Moreover, successfully mitigating climate change can reduce the negative health effects of climate change itself. (Please note, that this effect on health is no health co-benefit). Households in the HOPE study are only presented with information about direct health co-benefits accessible for individuals by personal choice (upper orange arrow)