A population-based national estimate of the prevalence and risk factors associated with hypertension in Rwanda: implications for prevention and control

Nahimana, Marie-Rosette; Nyandwi, Alypio; Muhimpundu, Marie Aimee; Olu, Olushayo; Condo, Jeanine Umutesi; Rusanganwa, Andre; Koama, Jean Baptiste; Ngoc, Candide Tran; Gasherebuka, Jean Bosco; Ota, Martin O.; Okeibunor, Joseph C.

doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4536-9

Table 2 Distribution of respondents by hypertension status, common risk factors and sex, Rwanda, 2013

From: A population-based national estimate of the prevalence and risk factors associated with hypertension in Rwanda: implications for prevention and control

	Men			Women			Both sex			P-value
Variables	n	%	95% CI	n	%	95% CI	n		95% CI	P-value
Overall	2650	16.5	15.1-18.0	4466	14.4	13.4-15.5	7116	15.4	14.6-16.3	0.018
Smoking
Never smoked	1990	15.9	14.4–17.6	3986	13.5	12.5–14.6	5976	14.6	13.7–15.5	<0.001
Past smokers	43	16.4	7.3–32.7	59	29.7	19.2–42.9	102	22.2	14.7–31.9
Current smokers(non-daily)	156	15.5	10.5–22.3	169	26.2	19.9–33.7	325	19.6	15.4–24.5
Daily smokers	461	20.4	16.8–24.4	252	22.3	17.5–17.9	713	20.9	17.9–24.1
Alcohol consumption
No	841	12.7	10.6–15.1	2257	12.7	11.4–14.1	3098	12.7	11.6–13.9	<0.001
Yes	1809	18.6	16.8–20.5	2209	16.4	14.9–18.0	4018	17.6	16.4–18.9	<0.001
Physical activity
Low	1264	20.1	17.9–22.4	3007	15.0	13.8–16.3	4271	16.9	15.8–18.0	<0.001
High	1386	13.8	12.1–15.8	1459	13.5	11.8–15.3	2845	13.7	12.4–15.0	<0.001
Fruit and vegetable consumption
5 or more fruit/veg/day	23	34.2	16.9–57.0	44	9.9	4.1–21.5	67	19.4	11.6–30.7	0.364
< 5 of fruit/veg on/day	2627	16.4	15.0–17.9	4422	14.5	13.5–15.5	7049	15.4	14.5–16.3	0.364
BMI(kg/m2)
Underwieght	249	10.2	7.3–14.0	278	11.3	8.2–15.4	527	10.6	8.4–13.3	<0.001
Normal weight	2144	15.9	14.4–17.5	3153	13.1	11.9–14.3	5297	14.5	13.6–15-5
Overweight	231	27.6	21.9–34.1	815	17.6	15.1–20.3	1046	20.4	18.0–23.1
Obese	26	46.0	26.2–67.2	220	27.3	21.7–33.6	246	29.9	24.3–36.2
Blood glucose
< 5.1 mmol/l	2332	16.6	15–1–18-1	3991	14.3	13.2–15.4	6323	15.4	14.5–16.3	0.0209
5.1–6.1 mmol/l	48	14.7	7.4–27.1	63	15.1	8.2–26.0	111	14.9	9.5–22.6
> =6.1 or took medication	85	19.9	12.1–30.9	125	25.3	18.4–33.9	210	22.5	17.0–29.2
Total Cholesterol
< 5.0 mmol/dl	2544	16.2	14.8–17.7	4228	14.2	13.2–15.3	6672	15.2	14.3–16.0	<0.001
> = 5.0 mml/dl	61	34.2	23.4–49.9	154	21.4	15.7–28.4	215	26.6	20.9–33.4	<0.001
HDL Cholesterol
< 1.03 mmol/dl for men or <1.29 for women	1583	14.0	12.3–15.7	3196	14.0	12.9–15.3	4779	14.0	13.0–15.3	<0.001
> =1.03 mmol/dl for men or > = 1.29 for women	1030	21.2	18.7–23.8	1201	15.9	13.9–18.0	2231	18.9	17.2–20.6	<0.001

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