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Table 2 Socio-demographic and university-related associations with current waterpipe tobacco smoking and cigarette smoking, stratified by gender (n = 1891)

From: Waterpipe and cigarette tobacco smoking among Palestinian university students: a cross-sectional study

Characteristic

Total (n = 1891)

Women (n = 962)

Men (n = 929)

WTS §

CS £

WTS

CS

WTS

CS

n (row %)

n (row %)

n (row %)

n (row %)

n (row %)

n (row %)

Locality

 Urban & Camp

428 (25.2)*

305 (18.0)

120 (13.7)*

34 (3.9) C

308 (37.5)

271 (33.0)

 Rural

34 (17.6)

35 (18.1)

4 (4.7)

1 (1.2)

30 (28.0)

34 (31.8)

Geographic area of residence

 North West Bank

139 (37.6)***

125 (33.8)***

21 (16.3)***

8 (6.2)** C

118 (49.0)***

117 (48.5)***

 Central West Bank

107 (29.7)

73 (20.3)

44 (22.3)

14 (7.1)

63 (38.7)

59 (36.2)

 South West Bank

99 (25.3)

52 (13.3)

49 (17.1)

10 (3.5)

50 (47.6)

42 (40.0)

 Gaza Strip

117 (15.2)

90 (11.7)

10 (2.9)

3 (0.9)

107 (25.5)

87 (20.7)

Living arrangement

 With family

381 (23.0)***

264 (15.9)***

109 (12.5)

25 (2.9)*** C

272 (34.5)**

239 (30.3)***

 Other

81 (35.4)

76 (33.2)

15 (16.9)

10 (11.2)

66 (47.1)

66 (47.1)

Employment status

 Employed

99 (37.8)***

99 (37.8)***

6 (11.8)

4 (7.8) C

93 (44.1)**

95 (45.0)***

 Not employed

363 (22.3)

241 (14.8)

118 (13.0)

31 (3.4)

245 (34.1)

210 (29.2)

Father’s highest educational attainment

 High school & above

368 (25.2)

275 (18.8)

92 (12.5)

31 (4.2)

276 (38.1)*

244 (33.7)

 Less than high school

94 (21.9)

65 (15.2)

32 (14.2)

4 (1.8)

62 (30.4)

61 (29.9)

Mother’s highest educational attainment

 High school & above

329 (25.1)

238 (18.2)

92 (13.6)

26 (3.8)

237 (37.4)

212 (33.5)

 Less than high school

133 (22.9)

102 (17.6)

32 (11.3)

9 (3.2)

101 (34.1)

93 (31.4)

Self-rated financial status

 Poor

116 (20.9)*

103 (18.5)

23 (9.5)

7 (2.9)

93 (29.7)**

96 (30.7)

 Good

168 (24.5)

122 (17.8)

50 (13.8)

10 (2.8)

118 (36.4)

112 (34.6)

 Very good

166 (28.5)

101 (17.4)

49 (15.2)

17 (5.3)

117 (45.2)

84 (32.4)

Current faculty of study

 Arts & humanities

251 (25.0)

191 (19.0)

70 (13.2)

22 (4.1)

181 (38.3)

169 (35.7)*

 Sciences & health sciences

204 (24.1)

140 (16.6)

52 (12.8)

12 (2.9)

152 (34.7)

128 (29.2)

Self-reported academic achievement

 GPAb ≤ 69.9

72 (38.9)***

67 (36.2)***

15 (23.1)**

1 (1.5) C

57 (47.5)***

66 (55.0)***

 GPA 70.0–79.9

272 (28.2)

202 (20.9)

69 (15.1)

20 (4.4)

203 (40.0)

182 (35.8)

 GPA ≥ 80.0

109 (15.4)

63 (8.9)

37 (8.7)

12 (2.8)

72 (25.4)

51 (18.0)

  1. COne cell has expected cell count <5
  2. § WTS Waterpipe tobacco smoking
  3. £ CS Cigarette smoking
  4. b GPA Grade point average
  5. *Significant at the <0.05 level
  6. **Significant at the <0.01 level
  7. ***Significant at the <0.001 level (significance was computed using chi-square analyses by comparing the proportions of smokers in each socio-demographic and university-related category)