|
Total (n)
|
13,976
|
33.1
|
|
Changes in perceived uselessness
| | |
|
High-high
|
6.4
|
38.3
|
|
Low-moderate/moderate-high
|
27.0
|
30.1
|
|
Moderate-moderate
|
10.7
|
31.7
|
|
High-moderate / moderate-low
|
24.2
|
26.2
|
|
Low-low
|
15.4
|
19.6
|
|
High/moderate/low- unable to answer
|
8.1
|
62.8
|
|
Unable to answer - high/moderate/low
|
5.8
|
45.8
|
|
Persistently unable to answer
|
2.4
|
75.3
|
|
Covariates
| | |
|
Background Characteristics
| | |
|
Mean age (years)
|
85.1
|
−
|
|
Ages 65–79a
|
36.0
|
10.9
|
|
Ages 80–89a
|
27.6
|
28.6
|
|
Ages 90–99a
|
25.2
|
53.3
|
|
Ages 100+a
|
11.1
|
69.4
|
|
Females
|
54.6
|
34.3
|
|
Males
|
45.4
|
31.5
|
|
Non-Han ethnicity
|
11.0
|
29.5
|
|
Han ethnicity
|
89.0
|
33.3
|
|
Socioeconomic Resources
| | |
|
Education, 0 year of schooling
|
59.9
|
37.4
|
|
Education, 1–6 years of schooling
|
29.5
|
27.3
|
|
Education, 7+ years of schooling
|
10.6
|
23.2
|
|
Rural
|
52.9
|
33.8
|
|
Urban
|
47.1
|
32.0
|
|
Non-White collar occupation
|
91.8
|
33.6
|
|
White collar occupation
|
8.2
|
25.4
|
|
Economic dependence
|
71.3
|
38.3
|
|
Economic independence
|
28.7
|
19.5
|
|
Fair or poor family economic condition
|
84.7
|
33.6
|
|
Rich family economic condition
|
15.3
|
29.3
|
|
Family and Support Environment
| | |
|
Currently not married
|
62.1
|
41.6
|
|
Currently married
|
37.9
|
18.8
|
|
Family members are most frequent contacts
|
75.6
|
32.0
|
|
Friends/relatives are most frequent contacts
|
18.0
|
27.7
|
|
No one to contact
|
6.4
|
58.7
|
|
No coresidence with children
|
43.1
|
24.0
|
|
Coresidence with children
|
56.9
|
39.6
|
|
Discordance in living arrangement
|
26.4
|
35.6
|
|
Concordance in living alone/with spouse only
|
30.1
|
20.3
|
|
Concordance in coresidence with children
|
43.5
|
39.9
|
|
Not-receiving money/food from children
|
21.5
|
33.0
|
|
Receiving money/food from children
|
78.5
|
32.9
|
|
Not-giving money/food to children
|
76.4
|
35.8
|
|
Giving money/food to children
|
23.6
|
23.6
|
|
Health Behaviors and Lifestyle
| | |
|
Not currently smoking
|
81.9
|
34.5
|
|
Currently smoking
|
18.1
|
25.3
|
|
No current alcohol consumption
|
82.8
|
34.2
|
|
Current alcohol consumption
|
17.2
|
26.8
|
|
No regular exercise
|
66.0
|
39.0
|
|
Regular exercise
|
34.0
|
21.0
|
|
Leisure activity (low level)
|
29.7
|
61.2
|
|
Leisure activity (medium level)
|
30.9
|
29.2
|
|
Leisure activity (high level)
|
39.4
|
14.4
|
|
Social participation (low level)
|
75.3
|
38.2
|
|
Social participation (medium level)
|
10.6
|
18.3
|
|
Social participation (high level)
|
14.1
|
15.6
|
|
Psychological and Physical Health Status
| | |
|
ADL independent
|
77.3
|
24.6
|
|
ADL dependent
|
22.7
|
61.1
|
|
IADL independent
|
36.4
|
11.6
|
|
IADL dependent
|
63.6
|
45.1
|
|
Cognitively unimpaired
|
63.7
|
20.3
|
|
Cognitively impaired
|
36.3
|
55.0
|
|
Having no chronic disease
|
39.3
|
33.8
|
|
Having 1+ chronic disease
|
60.7
|
32.3
|
|
Not often as joyful as when younger
|
64.2
|
35.9
|
|
Often as joyful as when younger
|
35.8
|
27.5
|
|
Not often lonely
|
93.1
|
32.5
|
|
Often lonely
|
6.9
|
38.2
|
|
Not optimistic
|
24.3
|
37.8
|
|
Optimistic
|
75.7
|
31.3
|
|
No self-control
|
41.7
|
42.7
|
|
Self-control
|
58.3
|
25.9
|
