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Table 1 Sample distributions of study variables for the period 2005–2011, CLHLS

From: Changes in perceived uselessness and risks for mortality: evidence from a National sample of older adults in China

Variables

Sample %

Death %

Total (n)

13,976

33.1

Changes in perceived uselessness

  

 High-high

6.4

38.3

 Low-moderate/moderate-high

27.0

30.1

 Moderate-moderate

10.7

31.7

 High-moderate / moderate-low

24.2

26.2

 Low-low

15.4

19.6

 High/moderate/low- unable to answer

8.1

62.8

 Unable to answer - high/moderate/low

5.8

45.8

 Persistently unable to answer

2.4

75.3

Covariates

  

  Background Characteristics

  

  Mean age (years)

85.1

−

  Ages 65–79a

36.0

10.9

  Ages 80–89a

27.6

28.6

  Ages 90–99a

25.2

53.3

  Ages 100+a

11.1

69.4

  Females

54.6

34.3

  Males

45.4

31.5

  Non-Han ethnicity

11.0

29.5

  Han ethnicity

89.0

33.3

  Socioeconomic Resources

  

  Education, 0 year of schooling

59.9

37.4

  Education, 1–6 years of schooling

29.5

27.3

  Education, 7+ years of schooling

10.6

23.2

  Rural

52.9

33.8

  Urban

47.1

32.0

  Non-White collar occupation

91.8

33.6

  White collar occupation

8.2

25.4

  Economic dependence

71.3

38.3

  Economic independence

28.7

19.5

  Fair or poor family economic condition

84.7

33.6

  Rich family economic condition

15.3

29.3

  Family and Support Environment

  

  Currently not married

62.1

41.6

  Currently married

37.9

18.8

  Family members are most frequent contacts

75.6

32.0

  Friends/relatives are most frequent contacts

18.0

27.7

  No one to contact

6.4

58.7

  No coresidence with children

43.1

24.0

  Coresidence with children

56.9

39.6

  Discordance in living arrangement

26.4

35.6

  Concordance in living alone/with spouse only

30.1

20.3

  Concordance in coresidence with children

43.5

39.9

  Not-receiving money/food from children

21.5

33.0

  Receiving money/food from children

78.5

32.9

  Not-giving money/food to children

76.4

35.8

  Giving money/food to children

23.6

23.6

  Health Behaviors and Lifestyle

  

  Not currently smoking

81.9

34.5

  Currently smoking

18.1

25.3

  No current alcohol consumption

82.8

34.2

  Current alcohol consumption

17.2

26.8

  No regular exercise

66.0

39.0

  Regular exercise

34.0

21.0

  Leisure activity (low level)

29.7

61.2

  Leisure activity (medium level)

30.9

29.2

  Leisure activity (high level)

39.4

14.4

  Social participation (low level)

75.3

38.2

  Social participation (medium level)

10.6

18.3

  Social participation (high level)

14.1

15.6

  Psychological and Physical Health Status

  

  ADL independent

77.3

24.6

  ADL dependent

22.7

61.1

  IADL independent

36.4

11.6

  IADL dependent

63.6

45.1

  Cognitively unimpaired

63.7

20.3

  Cognitively impaired

36.3

55.0

  Having no chronic disease

39.3

33.8

  Having 1+ chronic disease

60.7

32.3

  Not often as joyful as when younger

64.2

35.9

  Often as joyful as when younger

35.8

27.5

  Not often lonely

93.1

32.5

  Often lonely

6.9

38.2

  Not optimistic

24.3

37.8

  Optimistic

75.7

31.3

  No self-control

41.7

42.7

  Self-control

58.3

25.9

  1. Note: (1) Values are based on 13,976 observations (from 10,051 individuals interviewed from 2005 to 2014 [refer to Fig. 1]); (2) Death % refers to deaths occurring in 2008–2011 or 2011–2014 among 9888 individuals; (3) Results are unweighted
  2. aAge at the beginning of the survey interval 2008–2011 or 2011–2014