Variables | Sample % | Death % |
---|---|---|
Total (n) | 13,976 | 33.1 |
Changes in perceived uselessness | Â | Â |
 High-high | 6.4 | 38.3 |
 Low-moderate/moderate-high | 27.0 | 30.1 |
 Moderate-moderate | 10.7 | 31.7 |
 High-moderate / moderate-low | 24.2 | 26.2 |
 Low-low | 15.4 | 19.6 |
 High/moderate/low- unable to answer | 8.1 | 62.8 |
 Unable to answer - high/moderate/low | 5.8 | 45.8 |
 Persistently unable to answer | 2.4 | 75.3 |
Covariates | Â | Â |
  Background Characteristics |  |  |
  Mean age (years) | 85.1 | − |
  Ages 65–79a | 36.0 | 10.9 |
  Ages 80–89a | 27.6 | 28.6 |
  Ages 90–99a | 25.2 | 53.3 |
  Ages 100+a | 11.1 | 69.4 |
  Females | 54.6 | 34.3 |
  Males | 45.4 | 31.5 |
  Non-Han ethnicity | 11.0 | 29.5 |
  Han ethnicity | 89.0 | 33.3 |
  Socioeconomic Resources |  |  |
  Education, 0 year of schooling | 59.9 | 37.4 |
  Education, 1–6 years of schooling | 29.5 | 27.3 |
  Education, 7+ years of schooling | 10.6 | 23.2 |
  Rural | 52.9 | 33.8 |
  Urban | 47.1 | 32.0 |
  Non-White collar occupation | 91.8 | 33.6 |
  White collar occupation | 8.2 | 25.4 |
  Economic dependence | 71.3 | 38.3 |
  Economic independence | 28.7 | 19.5 |
  Fair or poor family economic condition | 84.7 | 33.6 |
  Rich family economic condition | 15.3 | 29.3 |
  Family and Support Environment |  |  |
  Currently not married | 62.1 | 41.6 |
  Currently married | 37.9 | 18.8 |
  Family members are most frequent contacts | 75.6 | 32.0 |
  Friends/relatives are most frequent contacts | 18.0 | 27.7 |
  No one to contact | 6.4 | 58.7 |
  No coresidence with children | 43.1 | 24.0 |
  Coresidence with children | 56.9 | 39.6 |
  Discordance in living arrangement | 26.4 | 35.6 |
  Concordance in living alone/with spouse only | 30.1 | 20.3 |
  Concordance in coresidence with children | 43.5 | 39.9 |
  Not-receiving money/food from children | 21.5 | 33.0 |
  Receiving money/food from children | 78.5 | 32.9 |
  Not-giving money/food to children | 76.4 | 35.8 |
  Giving money/food to children | 23.6 | 23.6 |
  Health Behaviors and Lifestyle |  |  |
  Not currently smoking | 81.9 | 34.5 |
  Currently smoking | 18.1 | 25.3 |
  No current alcohol consumption | 82.8 | 34.2 |
  Current alcohol consumption | 17.2 | 26.8 |
  No regular exercise | 66.0 | 39.0 |
  Regular exercise | 34.0 | 21.0 |
  Leisure activity (low level) | 29.7 | 61.2 |
  Leisure activity (medium level) | 30.9 | 29.2 |
  Leisure activity (high level) | 39.4 | 14.4 |
  Social participation (low level) | 75.3 | 38.2 |
  Social participation (medium level) | 10.6 | 18.3 |
  Social participation (high level) | 14.1 | 15.6 |
  Psychological and Physical Health Status |  |  |
  ADL independent | 77.3 | 24.6 |
  ADL dependent | 22.7 | 61.1 |
  IADL independent | 36.4 | 11.6 |
  IADL dependent | 63.6 | 45.1 |
  Cognitively unimpaired | 63.7 | 20.3 |
  Cognitively impaired | 36.3 | 55.0 |
  Having no chronic disease | 39.3 | 33.8 |
  Having 1+ chronic disease | 60.7 | 32.3 |
  Not often as joyful as when younger | 64.2 | 35.9 |
  Often as joyful as when younger | 35.8 | 27.5 |
  Not often lonely | 93.1 | 32.5 |
  Often lonely | 6.9 | 38.2 |
  Not optimistic | 24.3 | 37.8 |
  Optimistic | 75.7 | 31.3 |
  No self-control | 41.7 | 42.7 |
  Self-control | 58.3 | 25.9 |