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Table 1 Demographic Characteristics of Subjects from Full-dataset and Sub-dataset by Gender

From: Retirement and mental health: does social participation mitigate the association? A fixed-effects longitudinal analysis

 

Full-sample

 

Sub-sample

 

Men

Women

Men

Women

N = 28,868

N = 33,569

N = 5866

N = 6621

Mean

SD

Mean

SD

p-value

Mean

SD

Mean

SD

p-value

Age in 2010

72.9

5.6

73.1

5.6

<.0001

72.9

5.6

73.1

5.6

0.02

GDS-15 score change (2010 → 2013)

0.1

2.4

0.03

2.4

0.0005

0.1

2.5

−0.01

2.3

0.02

 

n

%

n

%

 

n

%

n

%

 

Working status in 2010

 Working status

8095

30.3

5287

19.2

<.0001

1687

31.1

1058

19.5

<.0001

 Not working

17,530

65.6

16,556

60

 

3510

64.7

3231

59.6

 

 Never worked

1087

4.1

5730

20.8

 

232

4.3

1133

20.9

 

 Missing

2156

 

5996

  

437

 

1199

  

Depression in 2010

 Having depression in 2010

6353

25.5

6816

25.5

0.84

1340

26.4

1354

25.7

0.4

 Not having depression in 2010

18,602

74.5

19,878

74.5

 

3730

73.6

3913

74.3

 

 Missing

3913

 

6875

  

796

 

1354

  

Household income in 2010 (10,000 Japanese Yen)

 < 300

12,129

45.6

15,051

54

<.0001

2429

44.8

2921

53.2

<.0001

 300–600

9759

36.7

8427

30.2

 

2027

37.4

1676

30.5

 

 < 600

4711

17.7

4393

15.8

 

969

17.9

897

16.3

 

 Missing

2269

 

5698

  

441

 

1127

  

Marital status in 2010

 Married

24,608

87.9

19,790

61.3

<.0001

5007

88

3894

61.1

<.0001

 Non-married

3374

12.1

12,520

38.8

 

685

12

2484

39

 

 Missing

886

 

1259

  

174

 

243

  

IADL in 2010

 13

9401

36.6

15,590

53.1

<.0001

1882

36

3052

52.7

<.0001

 10, 12

12,959

50.4

11,548

39.3

 

2642

50.5

2313

40

 

 ≤ 9

3351

13

2250

7.7

 

710

13.6

423

7.3

 

 Missing

3157

 

4181

  

632

 

833

  

The number of friends subjects met in the past 1 month in 2010

 0

2041

7.6

1065

3.5

<.0001

419

7.7

198

3.3

<.0001

 1, 5

11,426

42.5

12,589

40.8

 

2302

42.3

2495

41.1

 

 6-

13,396

49.9

17,236

55.8

 

2728

50.1

3385

55.7

 

 Missing

2005

 

2679

  

417

 

543

  

Colleague as a friend who subjects met frequently in 2010

 Having colleague as a friend

11,439

42.4

8027

25.4

<.0001

2365

43.2

1522

24.4

<.0001

 Not having colleague as a friend

15,563

57.6

23,625

74.6

 

3116

56.9

4713

75.6

 

 Missing

1866

 

1917

  

385

 

386

  

Emotional social support from friends in 2010

 Having emotional social support

7233

26.6

15,156

47.9

<.0001

1425

25.7

2974

47.9

<.0001

 Not having emotional social support

19,950

73.4

16,482

52.1

 

4112

74.3

3234

52.1

 

 Missing

1685

 

1931

  

329

 

413

  

Instrumental social support from friends in 2010

 Having instrumental social support

632

2.3

2144

6.8

<.0001

114

2.1

400

6.4

<.0001

 Not having instrumental social support

26,793

97.7

29,539

93.2

 

5454

97.8

5844

93.6

 

 Missing

1444

 

1886

  

298

 

377

  

Occupational class

 Higher

9265

36.2

3031

12.6

<.0001

1879

36.5

605

12.9

<.0001

 Lower

16,325

63.8

20,940

87.4

 

3268

63.5

4083

87.1

 

 missing

3153

 

6394

  

698

 

1326

  

Social participation with roles in 2013

 Participated in social activities with roles

6536

26.3

7361

27.8

0.001

1292

25.6

1461

28

0.005

 Not participated in social activities with roles

18,346

73.7

19,132

72.2

 

3764

74.5

3754

72

 

 missing

3986

 

7076

  

810

 

1406

  

Recreational social participation in 2013

 Participated in recreational social activities

11,714

46.5

16,067

58

<.0001

2367

46.3

3167

57.9

<.0001

 Not participated in recreational social activities

13,458

53.5

11,657

42.1

 

2751

53.8

2304

42.1

 

 missing

3696

 

5845

  

748

 

1150

  

A sense of meaning in life in 2013

 Having a sense of meaning in life in 2013

     

4666

86.2

5036

84.2

0.003

 Not having a sense of meaning in life in 2013

    

748

13.8

945

15.8

 

 missing

     

452

 

640

  
  1. GDS-15 the short version of the Geriatric Depression Scale (ranging from 0 to 15, higher score indicates more depressive symptoms). Depression in 2010 was defined by GDS-15 score of 5 or above. Non-married includes being divorced, widowed, and single. IADL Instrumental activities of daily living (ranging from 0 to 13, higher score indicates more independency in daily livings). Higher occupational class = professionals and engineering, managers. Lower occupational class = clerical support workers, service and sales workers, craft and related trades workers, skilled agricultural, forestry, and fishery workers, others. Social participation with roles = volunteering clubs, neighborhood councils. Recreational social participation = sports organizations, hobby clubs, or older adults clubs. Full-sample: subjects from all of the five modules of JAGES. Sub-sample: subjects from only one of the five modules from JAGES that includes information on a sense of meaning in life. We used t-test for age and changes in GDS score and chi-square test for other variables to calculate p-values
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BMC Public Health

ISSN: 1471-2458

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