BMC Public Health

Table 4 Association of socio-demographics, CVD ^a-related knowledge and perception with components of eating habits among participating adolescent school-students of Kolkata (N = 1652)

From: Exercise and eating habits among urban adolescents: a cross-sectional study in Kolkata, India

Socio-demographics, knowledge and perception			Meals taken/day (Reference = One/two)				Snacks taken/day? (Reference = Three times or less)				Skipping meals (Reference = Never)				Eating food in the street-shop/restaurant (Reference = Never)
Socio-demographics, knowledge and perception			Three		More than three		Four times		More than four times		Sometimes		Often		Sometimes		Often
Variables		Categories	AOR ^b (95%CI ^c)	p value	AOR ^b (95%CI ^c)	p value	AOR ^b (95%CI ^c)	p value	AOR ^b (95%CI ^c)	p value	AOR ^b (95%CI ^c)	p value	AOR ^b (95%CI ^c)	p value	AOR ^b (95%CI ^c)	p value	AOR ^b (95%CI ^c)	p value
Age in years			1.27(1.08–1.51)	0.004	1.27(1.01–1.59)	0.044	0.90(0.77–1.05)	0.184	0.93(0.71–1.22)	0.616	1.05(0.89–1.23)	0.572	1.11(0.90–1.37)	0.328	1.20(0.90–1.59)	0.206	1.26(0.95–1.69)	0.113
Other socio-demographic factors	Gender of student (Reference = Female)	Male	1.05(0.79–1.41)	0.739	1.53(1.02–2.30)	0.039	1.61(1.23–2.10)	<0.001	1.68(1.04–2.71)	0.034	0.80(0.61–1.04)	0.099	0.62(0.42–0.93)	0.021	1.06(0.68–1.66)	0.790	1.32(0.83–2.10)	0.234
	Socio-economic status (Reference = Lower)	Middle	1.91(1.24–2.93)	0.003	3.62(1.61–8.10)	0.002	0.86(0.59–1.26)	0.447	0.74(0.41–1.34)	0.314	0.87(0.60–1.28)	0.482	0.77(0.45–1.33)	0.348	0.87(0.45–1.66)	0.667	0.45(0.24–0.85)	0.015
	Socio-economic status (Reference = Lower)	Upper	8.67(5.26–14.29)	<0.001	11.90(5.01–28.29)	<0.001	0.57(0.37–0.87)	0.010	0.20(0.09–0.49)	<0.001	1.29(0.83–2.00)	0.257	1.06(0.56–1.98)	0.862	2.78(1.18–6.53)	0.019	1.04(0.44–2.47)	0.934
	Family history of death due to CVD (Reference = No)	Yes	0.92(0.65–1.30)	0.624	0.89(0.54–1.48)	0.657	1.06(0.77–1.46)	0.704	1.27(0.75–2.16)	0.374	1.20(0.87–1.66)	0.275	1.16(0.72–1.86)	0.541	0.94(0.56–1.56)	0.802	1.09(0.64–1.84)	0.750
Level of knowledge regarding	CVD (Reference = Poor)	Average	1.46(1.05–2.01)	0.023	1.42(0.89–2.27)	0.145	0.80(0.60–1.08)	0.146	1.16(0.68–1.98)	0.592	1.10(0.81–1.49)	0.536	1.15(0.74–1.78)	0.538	0.78(0.48–1.28)	0.330	0.67(0.41–1.12)	0.130
	CVD (Reference = Poor)	Good	1.24(0.86–1.79)	0.245	1.74(1.07–2.84)	0.027	1.04(0.75–1.45)	0.799	1.25(0.68–2.29)	0.477	1.21(0.87–1.70)	0.256	1.02(0.61–1.69)	0.947	0.88(0.50–1.55)	0.658	0.76(0.42–1.36)	0.355
	Blood pressure and its abnormalities (Reference = Poor)	Average	1.42(1.13–1.80)	0.003	1.53(1.07–2.18)	0.021	0.91(0.72–1.15)	0.421	1.23(0.84–1.79)	0.289	1.14(0.90–1.43)	0.282	1.00(0.71–1.41)	1.000	1.35(0.91–1.99)	0.134	1.29(0.86–1.93)	0.219
	Blood pressure and its abnormalities (Reference = Poor)	Good	1.12(0.71–1.77)	0.627	1.76(1.00–3.11)	0.051	0.94(0.63–1.41)	0.779	0.75(0.33–1.68)	0.482	1.19(0.78–1.80)	0.422	1.14(0.62–2.07)	0.675	0.53(0.28–1.01)	0.053	0.72(0.38–1.37)	0.317
	Risk factors for CVD (Reference = Poor)	Average	1.51(1.09–2.09)	0.014	1.18(0.73–1.90)	0.509	1.03(0.76–1.39)	0.867	1.26(0.75–2.14)	0.385	1.05(0.77–1.42)	0.780	0.92(0.59–1.42)	0.694	1.63(0.97–2.76)	0.067	2.04(1.19–3.49)	0.009
	Risk factors for CVD (Reference = Poor)	Good	1.93(1.34–2.78)	0.001	2.17(1.34–3.53)	0.002	1.11(0.80–1.55)	0.530	0.93(0.49–1.76)	0.824	1.00(0.71–1.41)	0.984	0.80(0.48–1.33)	0.388	1.28(0.75–2.16)	0.365	0.95(0.54–1.67)	0.864
	Prevention of CVD (Reference = Poor)	Average	1.28(0.94–1.75)	0.118	1.41(0.91–2.17)	0.122	1.12(0.84–1.50)	0.430	1.37(0.81–2.31)	0.243	1.15(0.86–1.54)	0.341	0.83(0.54–1.29)	0.417	1.21(0.76–1.93)	0.412	0.91(0.56–1.48)	0.708
	Prevention of CVD (Reference = Poor)	Good	1.81(1.20–2.74)	0.005	1.64(0.93–2.89)	0.087	0.95(0.65–1.39)	0.787	1.64(0.85–3.19)	0.142	1.05(0.71–1.54)	0.812	0.93(0.53–1.63)	0.788	2.06(0.96–4.39)	0.062	1.59(0.73–3.48)	0.243
	Healthy nutritional habits (Reference = Poor)	Average	1.32(0.96–1.82)	0.086	1.18(0.75–1.88)	0.476	1.22(0.91–1.64)	0.189	1.03(0.60–1.78)	0.912	1.13(0.84–1.53)	0.427	0.91(0.58–1.42)	0.671	1.23(0.75–2.01)	0.419	1.22(0.73–2.04)	0.445
	Healthy nutritional habits (Reference = Poor)	Good	1.46(0.99–2.16)	0.058	2.08(1.26–3.43)	0.004	1.55(1.09–2.22)	0.015	1.35(0.71–2.57)	0.355	1.07(0.75–1.53)	0.709	0.85(0.49–1.45)	0.546	1.43(0.76–2.66)	0.266	1.28(0.67–2.45)	0.455
	CVD and their prevention (Overall) (Reference = Poor)	Average	1.57(1.14–2.15)	0.006	1.14(0.72–1.82)	0.583	0.98(0.73–1.31)	0.888	0.91(0.54–1.54)	0.736	1.20(0.89–1.61)	0.237	1.00(0.65–1.54)	0.998	1.29(0.81–2.07)	0.287	1.08(0.66–1.76)	0.762
	CVD and their prevention (Overall) (Reference = Poor)	Good	2.36(1.57–3.54)	<0.001	2.90(1.72–4.88)	<0.001	1.29(0.89–1.85)	0.177	1.17(0.60–2.27)	0.652	1.09(0.75–1.58)	0.653	0.74(0.42–1.31)	0.297	1.48(0.77–2.82)	0.239	1.33(0.68–2.60)	0.399
Perception regarding	Own body size (Reference = Normal)	Underweight	1.03(0.69–1.53)	0.890	0.54(0.28–1.03)	0.063	1.28(0.88–1.85)	0.192	0.92(0.47–1.79)	0.800	0.96(0.66–1.40)	0.827	1.12(0.64–1.94)	0.699	0.94(0.48–1.85)	0.866	1.28(0.65–2.54)	0.472
	Own body size (Reference = Normal)	Overweight	0.63(0.45–0.89)	0.008	0.42(0.25–0.70)	0.001	1.18(0.87–1.61)	0.292	0.93(0.52–1.65)	0.802	0.94(0.68–1.29)	0.688	1.24(0.79–1.96)	0.346	0.45(0.28–0.72)	0.001	0.55(0.33–0.89)	0.016
	Future risk of CVDs (Reference = No)	Yes	0.93(0.64–1.35)	0.698	1.62(1.02–2.58)	0.042	0.94(0.67–1.32)	0.721	1.16(0.65–2.08)	0.615	1.23(0.87–1.75)	0.249	2.04(1.28–3.25)	0.003	0.88(0.51–1.51)	0.631	1.01(0.57–1.77)	0.978
	Own overall health (Reference = Good)	Average	0.89(0.66–1.21)	0.470	1.16(0.76–1.76)	0.496	1.19(0.90–1.57)	0.225	1.19(0.72–1.97)	0.498	1.10(0.83–1.46)	0.513	1.21(0.80–1.83)	0.376	1.02(0.63–1.63)	0.945	1.25(0.77–2.03)	0.371
	Own overall health (Reference = Good)	Poor	0.81(0.40–1.63)	0.552	1.05(0.40–2.72)	0.925	1.25(0.65–2.42)	0.503	2.45(0.96–6.23)	0.061	1.57(0.80–3.09)	0.190	1.82(0.74–4.48)	0.195	0.38(0.16–0.90)	0.027	0.54(0.23–1.30)	0.172

^a CVD Cardio-vascular diseases
^b AOR Adjusted odds ratio (adjusted for: age, gender, socio-economic status and family history)
^c CI Confidence interval
Bolfaced figures indicate statistically significant results where p value was <0.05

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