Hand-held cell phone use while driving legislation and observed driver behavior among population sub-groups in the United States

Table 2 The association between driver hand-held cell phone conversations and state legislation stratified by age group

Characteristic	Total N^a	Percent of drivers holding phone to ear^b	Crude Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Limit)^c		Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Limit)^c		P-value^d
Hand-held phone ban in 16–24 year old drivers							0.7011
No	21,699	8.6	1.00	(Referent)	1.00	(Referent)
Yes	10,389	4.0	0.42	(0.34, 0.51)	0.43	(0.33, 0.55)
Hand-held phone ban in 25–69 year old drivers
No	150,269	6.3	1.00	(Referent)	1.00	(Referent)
Yes	65,033	2.6	0.42	(0.36, 0.48)	0.39	(0.33, 0.46)
Hand-held phone ban in >70 year old drivers
No	12,027	1.4	1.00	(Referent)	1.00	(Referent)
Yes	4256	0.4	0.67	(0.23, 1.93)	0.64	(0.24, 1.68)

^aThe total number of drivers with the specified characteristic by presence/absence of hand-held cell phone use while driving legislation
^bPercentage of drivers who were observed engaging in hand-held cell phone conversations by presence/absence of hand-held cell phone use while driving legislation
^cAll crude and adjusted odds ratios were calculated using logistic regression for complex surveys; adjusted models controlled for year, sex, race, urbanicity of location, seatbelt use, vehicle type, presence of universal texting ban (binary), presence of young driver all cell phone ban (binary), non-universal texting while driving law (binary), and the number of cell phone subscriptions per 100 residents
^dThe p-value presented is from the interaction term which assessed the relationship between the sub-group and hand-held CPWD ban

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