Table 2 Cross-sectional studies on social relationships and mental health and/or wellbeing in disability
From: Social relationships, mental health and wellbeing in physical disability: a systematic review
First author, year, reference | Country | Social relationship measures | Mental health/wellbeing measures | Quality rating | Participant characteristics | Key findings a | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | Mean age | % males | Disability | ||||||
Social support | |||||||||
 Abraido-Lanza 2004 [33] | USA | Social support SSQS | Psychological wellbeing PANAS, Depression CES-D | Medium | 98 | 50.6 | 0.0 | Rheumatic disease | Emotional support / Wellbeing + Instrumental support / Depression - |
 Agar 2006 [66] | UK | Social support SSQ-6 | PTSD IES, PDS | Medium | 50 | 38.9 | 86.0 | Spinal cord injury | b |
 Bambara 2011 [54] | USA | Social support, positive interaction MOS SSS | Depression PHQ-9 | High | 451 | 55.1 | 86.4 | Multiple sclerosis | Perceived social support / Depression - |
 Bamer 2008 [39] | USA | Social support MOS SSS | Depression CES-D | High | 530 | 54.2 | 25.0 | Multiple sclerosis | Lack of social support / Depression + |
 Beedie 2002 [55] | UK | Social support SSQ-6 | Depression BDI, Suicidal ideation, hopelessness, BHI | Medium | 100 | 30.0 | 79.2–85.7 | Spinal cord injury | Satisfaction social support / Depression - Satisfaction social support / Hopelessness - |
 Cheng 2008 [29] | China | Social support SSRS | Depression HAMD | Medium | 121 | 65.2 | 69.4 | Parkinson’s disease | Received social support / Depression - |
 Coty 2010 [37] | USA | Social support STMSSC Problematic support | Life satisfaction SWLS, Depression CES-D, Negative affect PANAS | Low | 73 | 57.0 | 0.0 | Rheumatoid arthritis | Negative social support / Depression + Negative social support / Negative affect + Negative social support / Life satisfaction (−) Unavailability social support / Depression + Unavailability social support / Negative affect + Unavailability social support / Life satisfaction (−) |
 Danner 2000 [40] | USA | Social support PSSS | PTSD SCID, CAPS, IES | Medium | 124 | 48.8 | 100.0 | Spinal cord injury | Family social support / PTSD (+) Family social support / IES (−) Friends social support / PTSD - Friends social support / IES (−) |
 Dirik 2009 [43] | Turkey | Social support MSPSS | Depression, anxiety HADS | Low | 117 | 48.5 | 15.4 | Rheumatoid arthritis | Perceived social support / Anxiety (−) Perceived social support / Depression (−) |
 Dodd 2015 [44] | USA | Social support SPS | Depression PHQ-9 | Medium | 106 | 43.8 | 64.2 | Spinal cord injury | Social support / Depression (+) |
 Dwyer 1997 [94] | USA | Social support ISEL | Affective distress AIMS | Low | 185 | 43.0 | 0.0 | Rheumatoid arthritis | Social support / Affective distress + |
 Fyrand 1997 [61] | Norway | Social support, social companionship SSQT | Anxiety, depression GHQ | Low | 138 | 55.0 | 0.0 | Rheumatoid arthritis | Social support / Depression (−) Social companionship / Depression - Social support / Anxiety 0 Social companionship / Anxiety 0 |
 Gay 2010 [56] | France | Social support SSQ-6 | Depression ADS, Anxiety STAI | Medium | 115 | 47.2 | 31.3 | Multiple sclerosis | Satisfaction with social support / Depression - |
 Geuskens 2006 [67] | Netherlands | Social support ISS | Mental health SF-36 | High | 359 | 49.9 | 27.4 | Inflammatory joint complaints | Social support / Mental health + |
 Gottlieb 2001 [73] | Israel | Social support Tel-Aviv SSI | Life satisfaction LSI | Low | 100 | 73.0 | 59.0 | Stroke | Social support / Life satisfaction + |
 Hampton 2008 [74] | China | Social support PSSS | Subjective wellbeing IPW | High | 119 | 25.0 | 61.0 | Spinal cord injury | Perceived social support / Affective wellbeing + |
 Hatcher 2009 [48] | UK | Social support PSSS | PTSD IES, PANAS, PTCI | Medium | 102 | 45.7 | 81.4 | Spinal cord injury | b |
 Hilari 2006 [49] | UK | Social support MOS SSS | HRQoL SAQOL-39 | Medium | 83 | 61.6 | 92.7 | Stroke | b |
 Huang [46] | Taiwan | Social support Modified social support inventory | Depression BDI | High | 135 | 43.3 | 83.0 | Spinal cord injury | Social support / Depression 0 |
 Jaracz 2010 [50] | Poland | Social support SPS | Mental health MSQOL-54 | Medium | 210 | 37.4 | 28.6 | Multiple sclerosis | b |
 Jensen 2014 [42] | USA | Social support MSPSS | Depression PHQ-9 | Medium | 1416 | 52.6 | 41.0 | Multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury, muscular dystrophy | Family social support / Depression (−) Friends social support / Depression - Significant other social support / Depression (−) |
 Kim 1999 [51] | Canada | Social support SSIPAD | Quality of life QLI-Stroke version | High | 50 | 75.0 | 58.0 | Stroke | b |
 King 1996 [100] | USA | Social support SSE | Quality of life QLI | Medium | 86 | 63.3 | 65.0 | Stroke | Perceived social support / Quality of life + |
 Kivisild 2014 [52] | Estonia | Social support SSQ | Mental health RAND-36 | Medium | 80 | 38.9 | 82.5 | Spinal cord injury | b |
 Kool 2013 [68] | Netherlands and Belgium | Social support MOS SSS, | Mental health SF-36 | Medium | 1455 | 46.2 | 14.0 | Rheumatic disease | Perceived social support / Mental health + |
 Kraaimaat 1995 [65] | Netherlands | Social support IRGL | Depression, anxiety IRGL | Medium | 229 | 58.6 | 42.4 | Rheumatoid arthritis | MEN Social support / Anxiety (−) Social support / Depression (−) WOMEN Social support / Anxiety - Social support / Depression (−) |
 Krokavcova 2008 [41] | Slovakia | Social support PSSS | Mental health SF-36 | Medium | 207 | 38.4 | 33.8 | Multiple sclerosis | Family social support / Mental health + Friends social support / Mental health + Significant other social support / Mental health (+) |
 Lewin 2013 [57] | Germany | Social support F-SozU | Depression GDS | Low | 96 | 67.1 | 52.0 | Stroke | Perceived social support / Depression - |
 Müller 2015 [63] | Switzerland | Social support SSQ 6 | Depression HADS Quality of life WHOQoL BREF | High | 503 | 54.6 | 71.8 | Spinal cord injury | Social support / Depression (−) Social support / Quality of life + |
 Osborne 2007 [69] | USA | Social support MSPSS | Mental health SF-36 | Medium | 125 | 50.8 | 24.8 | Multiple sclerosis | Social support / Mental health + |
 Phillips 2009 [58] | USA | Social support PRQ2000 | Depression CES-D | Low | 118 | 53.26 FM 45.53 MS | 0.0 | Multiple sclerosis, fibromyalgia | Social support / Depression - |
 Pitsilka 2015 [76] | Greece | Social Support QSSS | Quality of Life RaQoL | High | 127 | 60.7 | 16.5 | Rheumatoid arthritis | Social support / Quality of life + |
 Raichle 2007 [70] | USA | Social support MSPSS WHYMPI | Mental health SF-36 | Medium | 157 | 48.5 | 72.4 | Spinal cord injury | Perceived social support / Mental health + |
 Riemsma 2000 [38] | Netherlands | Social support SSL Problematic support | Depression AIMS 2 | Low | 229 | 62.7 | 39.0 | Rheumatoid arthritis | Social support / Depression - Problematic social support / Depression + |
 Rintala 2005 [64] | USA | Social support SF-ISEL | Depression CES-D, Anxiety STAI, Life satisfaction SWLS, RAND-36 | Low | 165 | 55.0 | 100.0 | Spinal cord injury | Social support / Anxiety (−) Social support / Depression (−) Social support / Life satisfaction + |
 Ritvo 1996 [71] | Canada | Social support SF-ISEL | Mental health MHI | Medium | 130 | 41.86 | 13.0 | Multiple sclerosis | Social support / Mental health + |
 Schwartz 2005 [72] | Israel | Social support MOS SSS | Mental health QoL MSQLI | Low | 82 | 45.1 | 79.0 | Multiple sclerosis | Perceived social support / Mental health + |
 Shao 2014 [47] | China | Social support SSQT | Subjective wellbeing SWS | Medium | 214 | 70.3 | 59.8 | Stroke | Social support / Subjective wellbeing 0 |
 Stroud 2006 [45] | USA | Social support SSQ-6 | Depression CES-D | Medium | 70 | 46.0 | 64.0 | Spinal cord injury | Number social support / Depression (−) Satisfaction social support / Depression (−) |
 Stuifbergen 2009 [101] | USA | Social support PRQ | Quality of life QLI | Medium | 442 | 55.9 | 16.0 | Multiple sclerosis | Perceived social support / Quality of life + |
 Suh 2012 [59] | USA | Social support SPS | Depression HADS | Medium | 218 | 43.5 | 10.0 | Relapse remitting multiple sclerosis | Social support / Depression - |
 Suurmeijer 2005 [34] | Netherlands | Social support, social companionship SSQT | Anxiety, depression GHQ-28 | Medium | 280 | 53.4 | 36.0 | Rheumatoid arthritis | Informational social support / Anxiety – Social companionship / Depression - |
 Treharne 2005 [53] | UK | Social support MOS SSS | Depression, anxiety HADS, Life satisfaction QoLS | Medium | 154 | 56.3 | 27.0 | Rheumatoid arthritis | b |
 Wu 2007 [102] | China | Social support PSSS | Depression CES-D | Low | 204 | 44.23 | 55.4 | Physically disabled | Perceived social support / Depression - |
 Zhang 2011 [30] | China | Social support SSRS | Depression GDS | Medium | 81 | >60 | 56.0 | Stroke | b |
Social network | |||||||||
 Berkanovic 1996 [87] | USA | Social network LSNS | Depression HAQ | Low | 118 | 51.7 | 25.0 | Rheumatoid arthritis | Social network / Depression - |
 Kraaimaat 1995 [65] | Netherlands | Social network IRGL | Depression, anxiety IRGL | Medium | 229 | 58.6 | 42.4 | Rheumatoid arthritis | MEN Social network / Anxiety (−) Social network / Depression - WOMEN Social network / Anxiety 0 Social network / Depression 0 |
 Nicassio 2011 [88] | USA | Social network SNI | Mental health SF-36 | High | 106 | 56.2 | 17.0 | Rheumatoid arthritis | Social network / Mental health 0 |
 Pitsilka 2015 [76] | Greece | Social network SNI | QoL RaQoL | High | 127 | 60.7 | 16.5 | Rheumatoid arthritis | Social network / Quality of life 0 |
Family functioning | |||||||||
 Bellin 2010 [89] | USA | Satisfaction with family functioning The Family APGAR | Depression, anxiety HSCL-25 | High | 61 | 21.0 | 39.3 | Spina bifida | Satisfaction family functioning / Depression – Satisfaction family functioning / Hopelessness (−) |
 Coty 2010 [37] | USA | Family functioning FRI | Life satisfaction SWLS, Depression CES-D, Negative affect PANAS | Low | 73 | 57.0 | 0.0 | Rheumatoid arthritis | Family functioning / Depression – Family functioning / Negative affect – Family functioning / Life satisfaction + |
Negative social interactions | |||||||||
 Kool 2013 [68] | Netherlands and Belgium | Negative responses III | Depression BDI, Mental health SF-36 | Medium | 1455 | 46.2 | 14.0 | Rheumatic disease | Discounting / Mental health – Lack of understanding / Mental health – |
 Kraaimaat 1995 [65] | Netherlands | Reaction of spouse IRGL | Depression, anxiety IRGL | Medium | 229 | 58.6 | 42.4 | Rheumatoid arthritis | MEN Criticism / Anxiety + Criticism / Depression (+) Distraction / Anxiety (+) Distraction / Depression (+) WOMEN Criticism / Anxiety + Criticism / Depression + Distraction / Anxiety (+) Distraction / Depression (+) |
 Stroud 2006 [45] | USA | Partner response to pain MPI | Depression CES-D | Medium | 70 | 46.0 | 64.0 | Spinal cord injury | Negative partner response to pain / Depression + |
Relationship quality | |||||||||
 McPheters 2010 [90] | USA | Partner relationship quality DAS | Depression CES-D, PHQ-9 | Medium | 54 | 53.2 | 20.0 | Multiple sclerosis | Relationship quality / Depression - |