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Table 3 Unadjusted (Model 1) and adjusted (Model 2) associations for Internet use for major depressive disorder, depressive symptomatology, and psychological distress (adjusted for age, SES and BMI)

From: Depression, psychological distress and Internet use among community-based Australian adolescents: a cross-sectional study

 

Model 1

Model 2a

 

Males

Females

Males

Females

 

OR

95% CI

P

OR

95% CI

p

OR

95% CI

p

OR

95% CI

P

Major depressive disorderb

 Weekday internet use

   ≤ 2 h

Ref

  

Ref

  

Ref

  

Ref

  

  3–6 h

1.27

0.70, 2.33

0.429

2.11

1.35, 3.29

0.001

1.20

0.63, 2.26

0.581

1.87

1.15, 3.02

0.011

   ≥ 7 h

1.99

0.97, 4.04

0.057

2.33

1.35, 4.02

0.002

1.81

0.86, 3.83

0.120

2.09

1.16, 3.76

0.014

 Weekend internet use

   ≤ 2 h

Ref

  

Ref

  

Ref

  

Ref

  

  3–6 h

0.95

0.51, 1.73

0.861

1.33

0.83, 2.10

0.232

0.94

0.50, 1.78

0.847

0.93

0.57, 1.51

0.779

   ≥ 7 h

1.62

0.80, 3.27

0.177

2.25

1.32, 3.83

0.003

1.47

0.70, 3.07

0.306

1.62

0.93, 2.82

0.088

  Age

      

1.20

1.04, 1.37

0.010

1.38

1.24, 1.53

0.000

  SESc

      

1.02

0.87, 1.19

0.795

0.96

0.86, 1.08

0.521

  BMI

      

1.06

1.00, 1.11

0.020

1.02

0.98, 1.06

0.269

Psychological distressd

 Weekday internet use

   ≤ 2 h

Ref

  

Ref

  

Ref

  

Ref

  

  3–6 h

1.00

0.69, 1.46

0.986

1.36

0.99, 1.86

0.055

0.93

0.62, 1.39

0.725

1.16

0.83, 1.62

0.390

   ≥ 7 h

1.53

0.97, 2.43

0.068

1.73

1.15, 2.60

0.008

1.45

0.89, 2.37

0.135

1.54

1.00, 2.39

0.051

 Weekend internet use

   ≤ 2 h

Ref

  

Ref

  

Ref

  

Ref

  

  3–6 h

1.47

1.00, 2.16

0.050

1.54

1.11, 2.13

0.009

1.39

0.93, 2.08

0.437

1.39

0.98, 1.97

0.065

   ≥ 7 h

2.28

1.43, 3.68

0.001

2.67

1.78, 4.01

0.000

2.23

1.36, 3.65

0.002

2.38

1.55, 3.67

0.000

  Age

      

1.03

0.95, 1.12

0.437

1.20

1.11, 1.29

0.000

  SES

      

1.06

0.95, 1.17

0.302

0.98

0.89, 1.07

0.603

  BMI

      

1.03

1.00, 1.07

0.047

1.04

1.01, 1.07

0.008

  1. Bold indicates significant values (p < 0.05)
  2. OR Odds Ratio BMI Body mass index SES Socio-economic status
  3. aAdjusted for age, relative level of socio-economic disadvantage and BMI
  4. bCo-efficient = Odds Ratio for depression compared to no depressive disorder
  5. cSocio-economic disadvantage indicated by 2011 Australian Bureau of Statistics Index of Relative Socio-Economic Disadvantage for the Statistical Area in which the family was living at the time of the survey, where higher index level indicates greater level of advantage
  6. dCo-efficient = Odds Ratio for high or very high psychological distress compared to low/moderate psychological distress